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Article published In: Variation in C: Comparative approaches to the Complementizer Phrase
Edited by Jacopo Garzonio and Silvia Rossi
[Linguistic Variation 18:2] 2018
► pp. 359–429

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Regular article

Pragmatic effects of clitic doubling

Two kinds of object markers in Lubukusu

 | Moi University
 | Pomona College
 | University of Missouri
Published online: 1 February 2019
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https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.00027.sik
Abstract
Object markers (OMs) in Bantu languages have long been argued to be either incorporated pronouns or agreement morphemes, distinguished mainly by their ability (or not) to co-occur with (i.e. double) in situ objects. Lubukusu appears to be an instance of OMs-as-incorporated pronouns, as OMs in neutral discourse contexts cannot double in situ objects in a broad range of syntactic contexts. As we show, however, certain pragmatic contexts in fact do license OM-doubling; we demonstrate that OM-doubling in Lubukusu is licit only on a verum (focus) interpretation. We analyze OM-doubling within a Minimalist framework as the result of an Agree relation between the object and a verum-triggering Emphasis head (Emph°). The non-doubling OM results from an incorporation operation. We therefore claim that Lubukusu displays two distinct syntactic derivations of OMs (generating doubling and non-doubling) with the interpretive effects of OM-doubling arising from the semantic/pragmatic properties of Emph°.
Article outline
  • 1.Relevant background
    • 1.1Introduction
    • 1.2Theoretical & analytical background
  • 2.Object marking in Lubukusu
    • 2.1OMs generally cannot double objects
    • 2.2Object marking in dislocation contexts
    • 2.3Object marking in non-declarative contexts
    • 2.4Challenging the pronoun incorporation analysis
  • 3.The pragmatic contexts of Lubukusu OM-doubling
    • 3.1Clarifying the interpretive effect of OM-doubling
      • 3.1.1OM-doubling is not licensed by contrast or focus
      • 3.1.2Addressing listener doubt and putting the issue to rest
      • 3.1.3OM-doubling as an expression of speaker confidence
      • 3.1.4Existing expectations/common ground is crucial to license OM-doubling
      • 3.1.5Licensing OM-doubling by foregrounding VP/VP-constituents
    • 3.2Intermediate summary: The conditions on Lubukusu OM-doubling
    • 3.3Use-conditional items and Lubukusu OM-doubling as verum
    • 3.4Two analytical options for Lubukusu
  • 4.Syntactic analysis: Two OMs in Lubukusu (and some supporting evidence)
    • 4.1The syntax of Lubukusu object marking
    • 4.2Constraints on the number of OMs
      • 4.2.1Restrictions to a single OM
      • 4.2.2A parallel situation: The interaction of OM and RFM
      • 4.2.3Another parallel: Locative objects
    • 4.3Object symmetry effects
      • 4.3.1Loss of symmetry effects in Lubukusu OM-Doubling
      • 4.3.2Toward explaining the loss of symmetry in OM-doubling
    • 4.4An exceptional instance of doubling
    • 4.5Some speculative comments on intransitive verbs
    • 4.6Explaining the remaining syntactic patterns
    • 4.7Against alternative syntactic accounts
  • 5.Conclusions and comparative theoretical consequences
    • 5.1Comments on pragmatics in the syntax
    • 5.2Summary of conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
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