Article published In: Language Teaching for Young Learners
Vol. 5:2 (2023) ► pp.170–195
A teacher-researcher snapshot of task-based peer interactions in EFL secondary school classrooms in Germany
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.
For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.
Open Access publication of this article was funded through a Transformative Agreement with Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
Published online: 17 November 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/ltyl.00039.kos
https://doi.org/10.1075/ltyl.00039.kos
Abstract
This article reports a small classroom-based study that has explored task-based peer interactions among grade 9
secondary school students (N = 14) of middle and low relative proficiency. Drawing primarily on audio recordings
of peer interactions, oral presentations, and post-task interviews, and conducted by the teacher-researcher, it investigated how
students interacted on an output task that was embedded in regular EFL lessons and designed to wrap up the unit work centered
around the topic Down Under. A particular focus was on exploring to what extent and how students used the language that the task
was meant to trigger, namely future tense and unit-related vocabulary. The aim was to inquire whether the task worked in the way
it was designed for. The findings have shown that although students were involved with the task and with each other’s
contributions, the use of the targeted structure elicited by the task remained limited. Pedagogical implications are
discussed.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Literature review
- 2.1Task-based vs. task-supported language teaching
- 2.2Task type, task modality and language use in young learners’ peer interaction
- 2.3Task-as-work plan vs. Task-in-process
- 3.Method
- 3.1Research questions
- 3.2Context and participants
- 3.3Data collection
- 3.4Task
- Plan a trip to Australia
- 3.5Data analysis
- 4.Findings
- 5.Discussion and pedagogical implications
- 6.Conclusion
- Transcription conventions
References
References (47)
Adams, R., & Ross-Feldman, L. (2008). Does
writing influence learner attention to form? In D. Belcher, Hirvela, A. (Eds.), The
oral/literate connection: Perspectives on L2 speaking/writing
connections (pp. 243–267). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Breen, M. (1987). Learner
contributions to task design. In C. Candlin & D. Murphy (Eds.), Language
learning
tasks (pp. 23–46). London: Prentice Hall.
Calzada, A., & García Mayo, M. P. (2020a). L2
grammar learning through a collaborative writing task. In W. Suzuki & N. Storch (Eds.), Languaging
in language learning and
teaching (pp. 20–39). John Benjamins.
Calzada, A., & García Mayo, M. del P. (2020b). Child EFL learners’ attitudes
towards a collaborative writing task. Language Teaching for Young
Learners, 2(1), 52–72.
Calzada, A., & García Mayo, M. P. (2021). Child
learners’ reflections about EFL grammar in a collaborative writing task: when form is not at odds with
communication, Language
Awareness, 30(1), 1–16.
Chen, W. (2020). Disagreement
in peer interaction: Its effect on learner task
performance. System, 881, 102–179.
Collins, L. & J. White. (2014). The
quantity and quality of language practice in typical interactive pair/group tasks. TESL Canada
Journal, 31(8), 47–67.
DeKeyser, R. (2015). Skill
acquisition theory. In B. VanPatten & J. Williams (Eds.), Theories
in second language acquisition. An
introduction (pp. 94–112). Routledge.
Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research
methods in applied linguistics: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed
methodologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Duchesne, S., McMaugh, A., Bochner, S., & Krause, K. (2013). Educational
psychology for learning and teaching (4th
ed.). Melbourne: Cengage Learning.
Ellis, R. (2019). Towards
a modular language curriculum for using tasks. Language Teaching
Research, 23(4), 454–475.
(2017a). Task-based
language teaching. In Loewen, S., and M. Sato (Eds.), The
Routledge Handbook of Instructed Second Language
Acquisition (pp. 108–125) New York, USA; Oxon, UK: Routledge.
(2017b). Position
paper: Moving task-based language teaching forward. Language
Teaching, 50(4), 507–526.
Ellis, R., Li, S., & Zhu, Y. (2019). The
effects of pre-task explicit instruction on the performance of a focused
task. System, 801, 38–47.
Gallardo-del-Puerto, F., & Martínez-Adrián, M. (2022). Task-modality
effects on young learners’ language-related episodes in collaborative dialogue. Revista
Española de Lingüistica Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied
Linguistics, 35(2), 480–512.
García Mayo, M. P. & Imaz Agirre, A. (2019). Task
modality and pair formation method:their impact on patterns of interaction and attention to form among EFL primary school
children. System, 801, 175-185.
Gass, S., Mackey, A., & Ross-Feldman, L. (2005). Task-based
interactions in classroom and laboratory settings. Language
learning, 55(4), 575–611.
Hidalgo, M. A. & García Mayo, M. P. (2021). The
influence of task repetition type on young learners’ attention to form. Language Teaching
Research, 25(4), 565-586.
Kos, T. (2019). Peer
assistance among mixed-age pairs in mixed-age EFL secondary school classrooms in
Germany. European Journal of Applied
Linguistics, 7(1), 61-112.
Loewen, S., & Sato, M. (2018). Interaction
and instructed second language acquisition. Language
teaching, 51(3), 285–329.
Long, M. H. (1991). Focus
on form: A design feature in language teaching methodology. In K. Bot, R. Ginsberg, & C. Kramsch (Eds.), Foreign
language research in cross-cultural
perspective (pp. 39–52). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Loschky, L., & Bley-Vroman, R. (1993). Grammar
and task-based methodology. Multilingual
Matters, 123–123.
Martínez Adrián, M. & Gallardo del Puerto, F. (2021). Task
modality and language-related episodes in young learners: An attempt to manage accuracy and
editing. Language Teaching
Research, 0(0).
Philp, J., Adams, A., & Iwashita, N. (2014). Peer
interaction and second language learning. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Sample, E. & Michel, M. (2014). An
exploratory study into trade-off effects of complexity, Accuracy and fluency in young learners’ oral task
repetition. TESL Canada
Journal, 311, 23–46.
Samuda, V. (2013). Guiding
relationships between form and meaning during task performance: The role of the
teacher. In Bygate, M., Skehan, P., Swain, M. (Eds.), Researching
pedagogic
tasks (pp. 119–140). Routledge.
Sato, M. (2016). Collaborative
mindset, collaborative interaction, and L2 development: An affective-social-cognitive
model. Language
Learning, 67(2).
Shak, J., & Gardner, S. (2008). Young
learner perspectives on four focus-on-form tasks. Language Teaching
Research, 12(3), 387–408.
Skehan, P. (1996). A
framework for the implementation of task-based instruction. Applied
Linguistics, 171, 38–62.
Spada, N., & Lightbown, P. M. (2008). Form-focused
instruction: Isolated or integrated?. TESOL
quarterly, 42(2), 181–207.
Storch, N. (1999). Are
two heads better than one? Pair work and grammatical
accuracy. System, 27(3), 363–374.
(2008). Metatalk
in a pair work activity: Level of engagement and implications for language
development. Language
awareness, 17(2), 95–114.
Swain, M., & Lapkin, S. (1998). Interaction
and Second Language Learning: Two Adolescent French Immersion Students Working Together. The
Modern Language
Journal, 821, 320–337.
(2001). Focus
on form through collaborative dialogue: Exploring task effects. M. Bygate, P. Skehan, M. Swain (Eds.), Researching
pedagogic tasks: Second language learning, teaching and
testing (pp. 99–118). Longman: Harlow, England.
VanPatten, B. (1990). Attending
to form and content in the input. Studies in Second Language
Acquisition, 12(3), 287–301.
(2017). Processing
instruction. In S. Loewen & M. Sato (Eds.), The
Routledge handbook of instructed second language
acquisition (pp. 166–180). Routledge.
