Review article published In: Language Teaching for Young Learners
Vol. 1:2 (2019) ► pp.139–160
Survey article
Agency and technology-mediated task repetition with young learners
Research and implications for primary classroom practice
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0 license.
For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.
Published online: 17 September 2019
https://doi.org/10.1075/ltyl.00010.pin
https://doi.org/10.1075/ltyl.00010.pin
Abstract
This paper offers a review of the TBLT literature for young learners with an aim to identify some gaps where
future research and classroom practice could be targeted. The specific focus of this review is on procedural task repetition for
children, arguing that in addition to the linguistic benefits, task repetition is associated with important gains in the affective
domain. It is suggested that technology-mediated task repetition, via tablet devices, can further enhance both opportunities for
learning and confidence building and enjoyment. Due to the technological affordances, the learners are firmly in charge of
creating dynamic, fluid tasks through cycles of reflection and practice, polishing their performance along the way, stretching
towards their ‘upper potential’. To date research within TBLT with children has not explored yet what types of tasks children
enjoy working with and why and how task repetition is realised when using tablet devices to record their own performances. This
paper suggests steps that can be taken in this direction both in research and classroom practice.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Tasks and young learners
- 3.Agency and control
- 4.Task-based studies with young learners
- 5.Task repetition and its benefits
- 6.Repetition, agency and technology-mediation
- 7.Positive psychological states
- 8.Implications for classroom practice
References
References (105)
Aghlara, L., & Tamjid, N. H. (2011). The effect of digital games on Iranian children’s vocabulary retention in foreign language acquisition. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 291, 552–560.
Ahmadian, M. J., & Tavakoli, M. (2011). The effects of simultaneous use of careful online planning and task repetition on accuracy, complexity, and fluency in EFL learners’ oral production. Language Teaching Research, 15(1), 35–59.
Alhinty, M. (2015). Young language learners’ collaborative learning and social interaction as a motivational aspect of the Ipad. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 10(2), 24–29.
Azkarai, A., & Imaz Agirre, A. (2016). Negotiation of meaning strategies in child EFL mainstream and CLIL settings. TESOL Quarterly, 501, 844–870.
Azkarai, A., & García Mayo, M. P. (2016). Task repetition effects on L1 use in EFL child task-based interaction. Language Teaching Research, 21(4), 480–495.
Butler, Y. G. (2011). The implementation of communicative and task-based language teaching in the Asia-Pacific region. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 311: 36–57.
Butler, Y. G., Someya, Y. & Fukuhara, E. (2014). Online games for young learners’ foreign language learning. ELT Journal, 68(3), 265–275.
Butler, Y. G., Kang, K. I., Kim, H., & Liu, Y. (2018). ‘Tasks’ appearing in primary school textbooks. ELT Journal, 72(3), 285–295.
Butler, Y. G., & Zeng, W. (2015). Young learners’ interactional development in task-base paired assessment in their first and foreign languages: A case of English learners in China. Education 3–13, 43 (3), 292–321.
(2011). Interactional competence during task –based assessment for your learners of English. Paper presented at the 2011 AAAL conference, Chicago, IL, March 26–29.
Butler, Y. G. (2017). Motivational elements of digital instructional games. A study of young L2 learners’ game design. Language Teaching Research, 21(6), 735–750.
(2019). Gaming and young learners. In S. Garton & F. Copland (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of teaching young learners (pp. 305–319). London: Routledge.
Bygate, M. (1996). Effects of task repetition: appraising the developing language of learners. In J. Willis & D. Willis (Eds.), Challenge and change in language teaching (pp. 134–146). Oxford, UK: Macmillan Heinemann.
(2001). Effects of task repetition on the structure and control of language. In M. Bygate, P. Skehan, & M. Swain (Eds.), Researching pedagogic tasks: Second language learning, teaching and testing (pp. 23–48). Harlow, UK: Longman.
(2018). Learning language through task repetition. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
(2009). Effects of task repetition on the structure and control of oral language. In K. van den Branden, M. Bygate, & J. Norris (Eds.), Task-based language teaching: A reader (pp. 249–274). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Bygate, M., & Samuda, V. (2005). Integrative planning through the use of task repetition. In R. Ellis (Ed.), Planning and task performance in a second language (pp. 37–74). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Carless, D. (2004). Issues in teachers’ interpretations of a task-based innovation in primary schools. TESOL Quarterly, 38(4), 639–662.
(2003). Factors in the implementation of task-based teaching in primary schools. System, 31(4), 485–500.
Coughlan, P., & Duff, P. (1994). Same task, different activities: analysis of SLA form an activity theory perspective. In J. Lantolf & G. Appel (Eds.), Vygotskian approaches to second language research (pp. 173–194). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York, NY: Harper Colllins.
Czimmermann, E., & Piniel, K. (2016). Advanced language learners’ experiences in the Hungarian EFL classroom. In P. D. MacIntyre et al. (Eds.), Positive psychology in SLA (pp. 193–214). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Decker, M. M., & Buggey, T. (2014). Using video self- and peer modelling to facilitate reading fluency in children with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 47(2), 167–177.
Deng, C., & Carless, D. (2010). Examining preparation or effective teaching: Conflicting priorities in the implementation of a pedagogic innovation. Language Assessment Quarterly, 7(4), 285–302.
(2005). Planning and task performance in a second language. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Ellis, R., & Heimbach, R. (1997). Bugs and birds: Children’s acquisition of second language vocabulary. System, 25(2), 247–259.
Ellis, R. (2017). Position paper: Moving task-based language teaching forwards. Language Teaching, 50(4), 507–526.
Fukuta, J. (2016). Effects of task repetition on learners’ attention orientation in L2 oral production. Language Teaching Research, 20(3), 321–340.
García Mayo, M. P., & Lázaro Ibarolla, A. (2015). Do children negotiate meaning in task-based interaction? Evidence from CLIL and EFL settings. System, 541, 40–54.
García Mayo, M. P., & Imaz Agirre, A. (2016). Task repetition and its impact on EFL children’s negotiation of meaning strategies and pair dynamics. An exploratory study. The Language Learning Journal, 44(4), 451–466.
(2017). Child EFL interaction: age instructional setting and development. In J. Enever & E. Lindgren (Eds.), Early language learning: Complexity and mixed methods (pp. 249–268). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
García Mayo, M. P., Agirre, A. I., & Azkarai, A. (2018). Task repetition effects on CAF in EFL child task-based oral interaction. In M. J. Ahmadian & M. P. García Mayo (Eds.), Recent perspectives on task-based language learning and teaching (pp. 9–27). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Gonzáles Lloret, M., & Ortega, L. (2014). Towards technology-mediated TBLT: An introduction. In M. Gonzales Lloret & L. Ortega (Eds.), Technology-mediated TBLT: Researching technology and tasks (pp. 1–22). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Hatherly, A., & Chapman, B. (2013). Fostering motivation for literacy in early childhood education using IPads. Computers in New Zealand Schools: Learning, Teaching, Technology, 25(1–3), 138–151.
Hawkes, M. (2012). Using task repetition to direct learner attention and focus on form. ELT Journal, 66(3), 327–336.
Kahn, G. (2012). Open-ended tasks and the qualitative investigation of second language classroom discourse. Journal of Ethnographic and Qualitative Research, 61, 90–107.
Khoo, E., Merry, R., & Nguyen, N. H. (2015). Ipads and opportunities for teaching and learning for young children. Hamilton, New Zealand: The University of Waikato, Waikato Print.
Kim, Y., & Tracy-Ventura, N. (2013). The role of task repetition in L2 performance development: What needs to be repeated during task-based interaction? System, 41(3), 829–840.
Lambert, C., Philp, J., & Nakamura, S. (2017). Learner-generated content and engagement in second language task-performance. Language Teaching Research, 21(6), 665–680.
Lázaro Ibarolla, A. & Azpilicueta Martinez, R. (2015). Investigating negotiation of meaning in EFL children with very low levels of proficiency. International Journal of English Studies, 15(1), 1–21.
Legutke, M. L., Müller-Hatmann, A., & Schocker-v Ditfurth, M. (2009). Teaching English in the primary school. Stuttgart, Germany: Kett Lerntraining.
Littlewood, W. (2004). The task-based approach: Some questions and suggestions. ELT Journal, 58(4), 319–26.
(2007). Communicative and task-based language teaching in East Asian classrooms. Language Teaching, 40(3), 243–49.
Long, M. 2014. Second Language Acquisition and Task-based Language Teaching. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
(2015). Second language acquisition and task-based language teaching. Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell.
(2016). In defence of tasks and TBLT: Nonissues and real issues. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 361, 5–133.
Loschky, L., & Bley-Vroman, R. (1993). Grammar and task-based methodology. In G. Crookes & Gass, S. M. (Eds.), Tasks in language learning (pp. 123–67). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Lynch, T., & Mclean, J. (2001). A case of exercising: effects of immediate task repetition on learners’ performance. In M. Bygate, P. Skehan, & M. Swain (Eds.), Researching pedagogic tasks: Second language learning, teaching and testing (pp. 141–162). Harlow, UK: Longman.
Mackey, A. and R. Oliver. 2002. Interactional feedback and children’s L2 development System. 30(4): 459–477.
Mackey, A., Oliver, R., & Leeman, J. (2003). Interactional input and the incorporation of feedback: An exploration of NS/NNS and NNS/NNS adult and child dyads. Language Learning, 53(1), 35–66.
Mackey, A., & Silver, R. E. (2005). Interactional tasks and English L2 learning by immigramt children in Singapore. System, 331, 239–260.
Mackey, A., Kanganas, A. P., & Oliver, R. (2007). Task familiarity and interactional feedback in child ESL classrooms. TESOL Quarterly, 41(2), 285–312.
Majoral, F. B. (2019). Mobile learning for young English learners. In S. Garton & F. Copland (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of teaching English to young learners (pp. 320–337). London, UK: Routledge.
MoLeNET, (2007). The mobile learning network. (MoLeNET). <[URL]>
Murphey, T. (2016). Teaching to learn and well-become: Many mini-renaissances. In P. D. MacIntyre et al. (Eds.), Positive psychology in SLA (pp. 324–343). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Ness, M. (2016). Is that how I really sound? Using I-pads for fluency practice. The Reading Teacher, 70(5), 611–615.
Newton, J., & Nguyen, B. T. T. (2019). Task repetition and the public performance of speaking tasks in EFL classes at a Vietnamese high school. Language Teaching for Young Learners, 1(1), 34–56.
O’Mara, J., & Laidlow, L. (2011). Living in the iworld: Two literacy researchers reflect on the changing texts and literacy practices of childhood. English Teaching Practice and Critique, 10(4), 149–159.
Oliver, R. (1995). Negative feedback in child NS/NNS conversation. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 181, 459–481.
(2000). Age differences in negotiation and feedback in classroom and pairwork. Language Learning, 50(1), 119–151.
(2002). The patterns of negotiation for meaning in child interactions. The Modern Language Journal, 86(1), 97–111.
Oxford, R. (2016). Toward a psychology of well-being for language learners: The EMPATHICS vision. In P. D. Macintyre et al. (Eds.), Positive pychology in SLA (pp. 10–90). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Pellerin, M. (2014). Language tasks using touch screen and mobile technologies: Reconceptualising task-based CALL for young language learners. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 40(1), 1–23.
Piirainen-Marsh, A., & Tainio, L. (2009). Other-repetition as a resource for participation in in the activity of playing a video game. Modern Language Journal, 93(2), 153–169.
Pinter, A. (2015). Task-based learning with children. In J. Bland (Ed.), Teaching English to young learners (pp. 113–128). London, UK: Bloomsbury.
(2007). Benefits of peer-peer interaction: 10-year-old children practising with a communication task. Language Teaching Research, 11(2), 1–19.
(2006). Verbal evidence of task-related strategies: Child versus adult interactions. System, 341, 615–63.
(in press). Learning to become researchers; towards participation? In A. Eckhoff (Ed.), Participatory research with young children. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Robson, C., Balmpied, N., & Walker, L. (2015). Effects of feedforward video self-modelling on reading fluency and comprehension. Behaviour Change, 32(1), 46–58.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 251, 54–67.
Sadeghi, K., & Dousti, M. (2013). The effect of length of exposure to CALL technology on Young Iranian EFL learners’ grammar gain. English Language Teaching, 6(2), 14–26.
Sample, E., & Michael, M. (2014). An exploratory study into trade-off effects of complexity, accuracy and fluency on young learners’ oral task repetition. TESL Canada Journal, 31(8), 23–47.
Samuda, V. (2000). Guiding relationships between form and meaning during task performance: the role of the teacher. In Bygate et al. (Eds.) Researching pedagogic tasks: Second language learning, teaching and testing (pp. 119–140). Harlow, UK: Longman.
Shehade, A. (in press). Foreword: new frontiers in task-based language teaching research. In M. J. Ahmadian & M. P. García Mayo (Eds.), Recent perspectives on task-based language learning and teaching. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Shintani, N. (2012a). Input-based tasks and the acquisition of vocabulary and grammar: A process- product study. Language Teaching Research, 16(2), 253–79.
(2014). Using tasks with young beginner learners: The role of the teacher. Innovation in Language Teaching and Learning, 8(3), 279–294.
(2016). Input based tasks in foreign language instruction for young learners. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Skehan, P. (1996). A framework for the implementation of task-based instruction. Applied Linguistics, 17(1), 38–62.
Suh, S., Kim, S. W., & Kim, N. J. (2010). Effectiveness of MMORPG-based instruction in elementary English education in Korea. Journal of Computer Assisted Language Learning, 26(5), 337–378.
Swain, M., & Lapkin, S. (1998). Interaction and second language learning: Two adolescent French immersion students working together. The Modern Language Journal, 831, 320–38.
(1995). Problems in output and the cognitive processes they generate: A step towards second language learning. Applied Linguistics, 16(3), 371–391.
Swain, M. and S. Lapkin. 2001. Focus on form through collaborative dialogue: epxloring task effects. In Bygate, M., Skehan, P. and Swain, M. (Eds.), Researching Pedagogic Tasks: Second Language Learning, Teaching and Testing. Person Longman. pp. 99–118.
Sykes, J., & Reinhardt, J. (2013). Language at play: Digital games in second and foreign language teaching and learning. New York, NY: Pearson.
Van den Branden, K. (1997). Effects of negotiation on language learners’ output. Language Learning, 47(4), 589–636.
Cited by (9)
Cited by nine other publications
Butler, Yuko Goto
2025. Child-centered assessment research and practice. In Early Language Education in Instructed Contexts [Language Learning & Language Teaching, 62], ► pp. 20 ff.
Cutrim Schmid, Euline & Andrea Kratzer
2025. Integrating technology-mediated language learning tasks into the young learner English as a foreign language
classroom. Language Teaching for Young Learners 7:2 ► pp. 177 ff.
Kullick, Andreas
Bang, Hee Jin, Eric Setoguchi, Alison Mackey & Akiko Fujii
Coyle, Yvette & Julio Roca de Larios
Nilsson, Maria
Sarshogh, Maryam, Ehsan Rezvani & Fatemeh Karimi
Timpe‐Laughlin, Veronika, Bianca Roters & Yuko Goto Butler
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 27 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
