Article published In: Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
Vol. 40:1 (2017) ► pp.40–58
Kiranti double negation
A copula conjecture
Published online: 3 November 2017
https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.40.1.02van
https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.40.1.02van
Abstract
It is shown how Kiranti languages often express a semantically single clausal negation of a declarative verbal main clause with two clausal negators. We conjecture that the second negator has its origin in a copula and that the reinterpretation and integration of the copula into a negative construction follows the scenario known as a “Jespersen Cycle”.
Keywords: clausal negation, double negation, multiple negation, copula, Jespersen Cycle
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Overview
- 3.A Jespersen Cycle?
- 4.Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
- Abbreviations
References
References (70)
Alsenoy, Lauren Van. 2014. A New Typology of Indefinite Pronouns, with a Focus on Negative Indefinites. Antwerp: University of Antwerp dissertation.
Auwera, Johan van der. 2009. The Jespersen Cycles. In Elly van Gelderen (ed.), Cyclical Change, 35–71. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Auwera, Johan van der & Annemie Neuckermans. 2004. Jespersen’s Cycle and the Interaction of Predicate and Quantifier Negation in Flemish. In Bernd Kortmann (ed.), Dialectology meets Typology. Dialect Grammar from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective, 454–478. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Auwera, Johan van der & Lauren Van Alsenoy. 2016. On the typology of negative concord. Studies in Language 401: 473–512.
Bauman, James. 1975. Pronouns and Pronominal Morphology in Tibeto-Burman. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Bickel, Balthasar, Goma Panshade, Martin Gaenszle, Elena Lieven, Netra Prasad Paudyal, Ichchha Purna Rai, Manoj Rai, Novel Kishore Rai & Sabine Stoll. 2007. Free prefix ordering in Chintang. Language 831: 43–72.
Borchers, Dörte. 2008. A Grammar of Sunwar: Descriptive Grammar, Paradigms, Text and Clossary. Leiden: Brill.
Brinton, Laurel L. & Leslie K. Arnovick. 2011. The English Language. A Linguistic History, 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Delancey, Scott. 2011. Finite structures from clausal nominalization in Tibeto-Burman. In Foong Ha Yap, Karen Grunow-Härsta & Janick Wrona (eds), Nominalization in Asian Languages. Diachronic and Typological Perspectives, 343–359. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. To appear. The origins of postverbal negation in Kuki-Chin. North-East Indian Linguistics.
Devos, Maud & Johan van der Auwera. 2013. Jespersen cycles in Bantu: Double and triple negation. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 341: 205–274.
Djamba Ndjeka, Robert. 1996. Eléments de description du lifunga, langue bantu de la zone C. Bruxelles: Mémoire Université Libre de Bruxelles.
Doornenbal, Marius. 2009. A Grammar of Bantawa. Grammar, Paradigm Tables, Glossary and Texts of a Rai Language of Eastern Nepal. Utrecht: Landelijke Onderzoeksschool Taalkunde.
Driem, Georges van. 1992. Le proto-Kiranti revisité – Morphologie verbale du lohorung, Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 241: 33–75.
. 1995. Een eerste grammaticale verkenning van het Bumthang, een taal van midden-Bhutan. Leiden: Centre of Non-Western Studies.
Dryer, Matthew S. 2008. Word order in Tibeto-Burman languages. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 31: 1–88.
2013. Order of negative morpheme and verb. In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds), The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. <[URL]> (8 July 2016).
Early, Robert. 1994a. A Grammar of Lewo, Vanuatu. PhD dissertation, The Australian National University, Canberra.
. 1994b. Lewo. In Peter Kahrel & René van den Berg (eds.) Typological Studies in Negation, 65–92. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Ebert, Karen H. 1994. The Structure of Kiranti Languages, Comparative Grammar and Texts. Zürich: Seminar für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft.
Georg, Stefan. 1996. Marphatan Thakali, Untersuchungen zur Sprache des Dorfes Marpha im Oberen Kāli-Gaṇḍaki-Tal/Nepal. Munich: Lincom.
Giridhar, Puttushetra Puttuswamy. 1980. Angami Grammar. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian languages.
Horn, Laurence R. 1991. Duplex negation affirmat …: The economy of double negation, Papers from the 27th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Part II: The Parasession on Negation, 80–106. Chicago, IL: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Jacques, Guillaume. 2016. The life cycle of multiple indexation and bipartite verbs in Trans-Himalayan. Paper presented at a workshop on Kiranti languages, Paris.
. In print. A reconstruction of Proto-Kiranti verb roots. Folia Linguistica Historica
Jacques, Guillaume, Aimée Lahaussois, Boyd Michailovsky & Dhan Bahadur Rai. 2012. An overview of Khaling verbal morphology. Language and linguistics 131: 1095–1170.
Kamba Muzenga, Jean-Georges. 1981. Les formes verbales négatives dans les langues bantoues. Tervuren: Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale.
Lahaussois, Aimée. 2009. Koyi Rai: An initial grammatical sketch. Himalayan Linguistics Archive 41: 1–33.
. 2013. Irrealis in the Kiranti languages. Paper presented at the 3rd Workshop of the Sino-Tibetan languages of Sichuan. Paris.
Lowes, Gwendolyn. 2006. Some comparative notes on Tibeto-Burman copulas. Paper presented at the 39th International Conferences on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics. <[URL]> (1 November 2016).
Manzini, Maria Rita. 2008. Doubling of clitics and doubling by clitics: The case of negation. In Sjef Barbiers (ed.), Syntax and Semantics 361, 69–101. Bingley: Emerald.
Matisoff, James A. 2003. Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Miestamo, Matti. 2005. Standard Negation: The Negation of Declarative Verbal Main Clauses in a Typological Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Opgenort, Jean Robert. 2004. A Grammar of Wambule. Grammar, Lexicon, Texts and Cultural Survey of a Kiranti Tribe of Eastern Nepal. Leiden: Brill.
. 2005. A Grammar of Jero with a Historical Comparative Study of the Kiranti Languages. Leiden: Brill.
Plank, Frans. 2015. Das grammatische raritätenkabinett. <[URL]> (1 July 2015).
Post, Mark W. 2015. Sino-Tibetan negation and the case of Galo: Explaining a distributional oddity in diachronic terms. Language and Linguistics 161: 431–464.
Tumbahang, Govinda Bahadur. 2005. Negativization in Chhattpare Limbu. In Yadava Yogendra, Govinda Bhattarai, Ram Raj Lohani, Balaram Prasain & Krishna Parajuli (eds), Contemporary Issues in Nepalese Linguistics, 253–266. Kathmandu: Linguistics Society of Nepal.
. 2016. The negative existential cycle viewed through the lens of comparative data. In Elly van Gelderen (ed.). 2016. Cyclical change continued, 139–187. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Cited by (4)
Cited by four other publications
DeLancey, Scott
Lu, Man, Jeroen van de Weijer & Zhengguang Liu
Krasnoukhova, Olga & Johan van der Auwera
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 27 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
