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Article published In: Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
Vol. 45:2 (2022) ► pp.171–210

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Bayesian phylogenetics illuminate shallower relationships among Trans-Himalayan languages in the Tibet-Arunachal area

 | Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzig
 | SOAS University of LondonLondon
 | Uppsala UniversityUppsala
Published online: 4 November 2022
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https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.21019.wu
Abstract
Kho-Bwa, Hrusish, Mishmic, Tani, and Tshangla are language clusters that have been recurrently proposed as subgroups of the Trans-Himalayan (also known as Tibeto-Burman and Sino-Tibetan) language family. Nonetheless, their internal classification, as well as the relation with each other and with other linguistic groups in the family, is hitherto unresolved. We use lexical data on these groups and dated phylogenies to investigate such internal classifications. We base our examination on previous research into the language family in the Tibet-Arunachal area, and follow a computer-assisted approach of language comparison to perform Bayesian phylolinguistic analysis. As earlier phylogenetic studies on this family included little data related to this geographic area, we took a subset of the best available dataset and extended it with vocabularies for the Kho-Bwa and Hrusish clusters, also including one Mishmic, two Tani, two Tshangla, and five East Bodish languages to cover the major languages and linguistic subgroups neighboring these clusters. Our results shed light on the internal and external classification of the Kho-Bwa, Hrusish and Bodish languages, and allow us to share valuable experience on the extent to which similar approaches can be applied to the phylogenetic analysis of the Trans-Himalayan language family.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Languages of Arunachal Pradesh and Tibet
  • 3.Material and methods
    • 3.1Lexical data
      • 3.1.1Kho-Bwa
      • 3.1.2Hrusish
      • 3.1.3Tshangla
      • 3.1.4Bodish
      • 3.1.5Tani and Mishmic
    • 3.2Concept selection
    • 3.3Cognate judgments
    • 3.4Loanword handling
    • 3.5Bayesian phylogenetic analysis
    • 3.6The workflow
  • 4.Results
  • 5.Discussion
    • 5.1Findings and interpretations
    • 5.2Interpretation about the internal structure of Kho-Bwa and Hrusish
    • 5.3The undetermined position of Tshangla
    • 5.4Limitations
      • 5.4.1Issues related to word compounding
      • 5.4.2Issues related to cross-semantic cognates
      • 5.4.3Issues about sampling bias
      • 5.4.4Insufficient archaeological and population genetic evidence
  • 6.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgment
  • Notes
  • References
References (129)
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