Article published In: Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
Vol. 47:1 (2024) ► pp.57–89
“Come thou the spirits of village and locality, come thou the spirits of sons and daughters!”
The dying ritual language of Thadou-Kuki
Published online: 17 May 2024
https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.00017.hao
https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.00017.hao
Abstract
This paper discusses the ritual language of Thadou-Kuki, a
Tibeto-Burman language of the Kuki-Chin subgroup spoken in Northeastern India
and the Chin State of Myanmar. The paper examines 13 ritual texts to determine
the nature of language use and the types of structure that ritual language
provides. The paper discusses the general belief surrounding the traditional
religion as background information to the types of ritual language discussed in
the paper. This is followed by a discussion on the structure of ritual language
in terms of composition, grammatical constructions, and the choices of words
used in the ritual language of Thadou-Kuki, including archaic expressions that
are characteristic of ritual language. From the analysis of the ritual texts,
the paper discusses the types of repetition at the level of syllables and
paragraphs/stanzas. Each stanza is further divided into couplets of repetitive
phrases (differing mostly in the initial words of a phrase or sentence). The
paper divides the ritual language of Thadou-Kuki into two, namely invocation and
direct address to the spirits. The former makes use of imperatives, namely the
request –ô, the invitational –în, and the
hortative –hèen. Direct address to the spirits, on the other
hand, makes use of the declarative mood, namely, a clause or sentence-final
marker –e.
Keywords: ritual language, Thadou-Kuki, Tibeto-Burman, Northeast India
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Traditional religion
- 3.Method of data collection
- 4.Literature review
- 5.Non-declarative speech act marking
- 6.Grammatical analysis of stylistic constructions of ritual texts in Thadou-Kuki
- Stanza 1
- Stanza 2
- 7.Ritual language versus spoken language
- Christian prayer
- Ritual prayer
- 8.Thadou-Kuki ritual texts
- 8.1Invocation
- 8.1.1Invoking the spirits of forefathers
- 8.1.2Sending back the spirits
- 8.1.3Beseeching blessing
- 8.2Direct address to the spirits
- 8.2.1Reminding the spirits
- 8.2.2Informing the spirits of offerings
- 8.2.3Accusing the spirits
- 8.1Invocation
- 9.Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
- Abbreviations
References
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