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Article published In: Language Problems and Language Planning
Vol. 41:1 (2017) ► pp.26–45

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Language shift or maintenance

The case of the Sindhi language in Pakistan

 | University of Malaya, Malaysia
 | COMSATS Institution of Technology
 | Taylor’s University
Published online: 20 July 2017
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.41.1.02dav
Abstract
Pakistan is a multilingual country with six major and over 59 minor languages. However, the languages used by the domains of power, (government, corporate sector, media and education), are English and Urdu. Compared to the other regional languages in Pakistan, the Sindhi language has a more emancipated position in the state-run schools and some other domains. The present study seeks to explore the extent to which the use of Sindhi language has been shifted or maintained, and to survey the patterns of language use in certain domains through Fishman’s domain concept for the determination of language shift within the community concerned. A mixed method data collection including questionnaires and in-depth interviews was conducted to find out whether Sindhis in the Sind province of Pakistan maintain their heritage language in specific domains and to ascertain the impact of Pakistan’s language policy on Sindhi language. The results show that Sindhis in Sindh province fully maintain their language and behold sentimental affiliation with it as part of their cultural identity. The Sindhis have successfully uplifted and maintained their language in education and other vital domains. The Sindhi community enjoys a higher ethno-linguistic vitality than the other ethnic groups in Pakistan.
Resumo
Lingvoŝoviĝo aŭ lingva pludaŭrigo: La ekzemplo de la sinda lingvo en Pakistano
Pakistano estas multlingva lando kun ses grandaj kaj pli ol 59 malpligrandaj lingvoj. Tamen, la lingvoj uzataj en la ejoj de potenco (la registaro, la entreprena sektoro, la amasmedioj kaj edukado) estas la angla kaj la urdua. Kompare kun la aliaj regionaj lingvoj en Pakistano, la sinda lingvo havas pli emancipitan pozicion en la ŝtate administrataj lernejoj kaj kelkaj aliaj medioj. La nuna studo celas esplori la gradon de ŝoviĝo aŭ pludaŭrigo de la sinda, kaj superrigardi la formojn de lingvouzo en certaj domenoj uzante la koncepton de Fishman pri domenoj kiel mezuro de lingvoŝoviĝo en difinita komunumo. Datenokolekto laŭ miksita metodo, inkluzive de enketiloj kaj profundaj intervjuoj, estis farita por eltrovi ĉu sindoj en la sinda provinco de Pakistano konservas sian lingvan heredaĵon en specifaj domenoj kaj por konstati la efikon de la lingvopolitiko de Pakistano je la sinda lingvo. La rezultoj montras, ke sindoj en la sinda provinco plene konservas sian lingvon kaj rigardas ĝin kun sentimentala identigo kiel parton de sia kultura identeco. La sindoj sukcese levis kaj konservis sian lingvon en klerigo kaj aliaj esencaj domenoj. La sinda komunumo ĝuas pli altan etnolingvan viglon ol la aliaj etnaj grupoj en Pakistano.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
    • 1.1The sociolinguistic setting of Pakistan
    • 1.2History of the Sindhi language
    • 1.3A brief history of Sindhi language movements
    • 1.4Language-in-education policy and the local languages of Pakistan
  • 2.Literature review
    • 2.1Language shift- the Sindhi diaspora
  • 3.Objectives of the study
  • 4.Methodology
    • 4.1Sampling
  • 5.Data analysis
    • 5.1Age of respondents
    • 5.2Perception about the dominant Language
    • 5.3Income of the respondents
    • 5.4Language use with relatives
    • 5.5Sindhi language in low and high income Sindhi families
    • 5.6Business language
    • 5.7Language use in education
    • 5.8Language use in media (electronic and print media)
    • 5.9Language use by Sindhi doctors, lawyers, educationists, engineers and other skilled professionals
  • 6.Discussion and conclusion
  • References
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