Article published In: Language Problems and Language Planning
Vol. 41:1 (2017) ► pp.1–25
English in Pakistani public education
Past, present, and future
Published online: 20 July 2017
https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.41.1.01cha
https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.41.1.01cha
Abstract
The article reviews the past, present, and future position of English in the Pakistani language-in-education policy for the Pakistani government schools. The article first traces how the English language came to Pakistan, and underlines the social domains in which English is commonly used at the present time. The article highlights the fact that English has enjoyed the highest social position in Pakistan since the country’s establishment in 1947. Taking this fact into account, the article traces historically the status of the English language in the language-in-education policy for the government schools since 1947 to the present time. I argue that students from the elite and non-elite English medium schools end up being more literate in English and having better access to social mobility than the students from the Pakistani government schools because of the low quality education and the poor instruction of English as a subject taught through traditional teaching methods of imitation and memorization. In order to reduce the gap, although the recent National Education Policy (NEP 2009) of Pakistan has recommended not only teaching English as a compulsory subject in grade one onward but also using it as a medium of instruction in grade four onward for the content subjects such as science and mathematics in the Pakistani government schools, the current predicament of Pakistani public education raises questions and controversies about the successful implementation of the policy. The main suggestion of the paper is the fact that since teachers are the major agents of change in realizing such curriculum reforms at their classroom level (Fullan, M. G., & Stiegelbauer, S. (1991). The new meaning of education change. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.), their perspectives, perceptions and attitudes must be sought as well as included in such policy making processes. Because the voices of Pakistani government teachers are overlooked in such top-down language policies, this paper implies that the their experiences, attitudes, and perspectives about the present and future role of English in public language-in-education policies need to be explored to better understand the potential future implications for Pakistani teachers and their education. Such steps not only make policies inclusive but also gauge how far such English initiatives are facilitative in raising the quality of education and developing English language literacy in Pakistan.
خلاصو
پاڪستان جي تعليم ۾ انگريزي جو ڪردار: ماضي، حال ۽ مستقبل
هن مقالي ۾ سرڪاري اسڪولن جي لينگوئيج ان ايجوڪيشن پاليسي ۾ انگريزي ٻوليءَ جي ماضي، حال ۽ مستقبل جو جائزو ورتو ويو آهي.پاڪستان ۾ انگريزي ٻولي ڪيئن آهي ۽ ڪيئن وڌي ويجهي ۽اها ٻولي ڪهڙن ڪهڙن هنڌن تي استعمال ٿئي ٿي جي باري ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي. هن مقالي ۾ ان ڳالهه تي زور ڏنو ويو آهي ته جڏهن کان پاڪستان 1947ع ۾ وجود ۾ آيو آهي تڏهن کان انگريزي کي اوچي مقام تي رکيو ويو آهي.
ان حقيقت کي مد نظر رکندي ، هن تحقيق نامي ۾ 1947ع کان وٺي اڄ تائين جي سرڪاري اسڪولن جي لينگوئيج ان ايجوڪيشن پاليسي ۾ انگريزي جي ڪردار ۽ حيثيت جو جائزو ورتو ويو آهي. ان ڳالهه کي بحث هيٺ آندو ويو آهي ته اهي شاگرد جيڪي سرڪاري اسڪولن ۾ پڙهن ٿا ۽ تن کي پراڻن طريقن سان پڙهائڻ جي ڪري انگريزي تي عبور حاصل نه ٿو ٿئي، اهي پوئتي رهجي وڃن ٿا بنسبت انهن امير شاگردن جي جيڪي مهانگن خانگي انگلش ميڊيم اسڪولن ۾ پڙهن ٿا. اهو ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته پاڪستان جي موجوده قومي تعليمي پاليسي (2009) واري ۾ سفارش ڪئي وئي آهي ته انگريزي ٻولي کي پهرين جماعت کان نه صرف لازمي مضمون طور پڙهايو وڃي پر انگريزي کي چوٿين جماعت کان سائنس ۽ رياضي وارن مضمون لاءِ ميڊيم آف انسٽرڪشن طور به استعمال ڪيو وڃي. سرڪاري اسڪولن جي موجوده صورتحال ان پاليسي جي ڪاميابي تي سوال اٿائي رهي آهي.
Resumo
La angla en pakistana publika edukado: Pasinto, nuno, estonto
La artikolo donas trarigardon al la pasinta, nuna kaj estonta pozicio de la angla lingvo en la pakistana politiko pri lingvo en edukado en pakistanaj registaraj lernejoj. La artikolo unue spuras la alvenvojon de la angla al Pakistano kaj substrekas la sociajn terenojn kie la angla estas kutime uzata. La artikolo emfazas la fakton, ke la angla ĝuas la plej altan socian pozicion en Pakistano depost la establo de la lando en 1947. Ĝi poste spuras la statuson de la la angla en la politiko pri lingvo en edukado en registaraj lernejoj de 1947 ĝis hodiaŭ, argumentante, ke lernantoj el la elitaj kaj neelitaj lernejoj kiuj uzas la anglan kiel instrumedion fariĝas pli kapablaj en la angla kaj havas pli bonan aliron al socia moveblo ol la lernantoj en registaraj lernejoj – pro la malalta kvalito de edukado kaj la malbona instruado pri la angla kiel studtemo, kiun karakterizas la tradiciaj instrumetodoj de imitado kaj memorigo uzataj en lernejoj kie la instrumedio estas la urdua aŭ lokaj lingvoj. La lastatempa Nacia Kleriga Politiko de Pakistano rekomendis ne nur devigan instruadon de la angla ekde la unua klaso en registaraj lernejoj, sed ankaŭ ĝian uzon kiel instrumedion ekde la kvara klaso por substancaj temoj kiel scienco kaj matematiko. Tamen, la nuna situacio en registaraj lernejoj en Pakistano levas demandojn kaj malsamecon de opinioj pri la sukcesa realigo de tiu politiko. La ĉefa emfazo de la nuna referaĵo estas la fakto, ke, pro tio ke instruistoj estas signifaj ŝanĝoinstigantoj en realigo de tiaj studprogramaj reformoj je ties klasĉambra nivelo, necesas elserĉi iliajn perspektivojn, perceptojn kaj starpunktojn kaj ilin enkadrigi en la procedojn de politikfarado. Ĉar oni preteratentas la voĉojn de pakistanaj registaraj instruistoj en tiaj desupraj lingvopolitikoj, iliaj spertoj, starpunktoj kaj perspektivoj pri la nuna kaj estonta rolo de la angla en publikaj politikoj pri lingvo en edukado meritas esploradon cele al pli bona kompreno de eventualaj estontaj implicoj rilate al registara politiko pri lingvo en edukado.
Article outline
- Setting the stage: How did English come to Pakistan?
- Status and position of English in social domains of Pakistan
- English in government/public vernacular medium schools
- Education sector reforms (ESR)
- Current and projected status of English in the government schools
- New developments after the National Education Policy (2009)
- Justifications and controversies
- Conclusion
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