Article published In: Language Problems and Language Planning
Vol. 49:1 (2025) ► pp.1–24
The effects of translation on the Revived Cornish literary system
Published online: 18 April 2025
https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.24058.bax
https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.24058.bax
Abstract
After reviewing the role played by translation for minority languages beyond its basic communicative function, the
paper provides an overview of the Cornish language revival and the ensuing spelling conflict together with its body of modern
literature. This constitutes the backdrop for the detailed analysis of the key role played by translation in the evolution of
modern Cornish literature and by extension the revitalisation process as a whole, covering such aspects as the adult and
children’s genres and the source languages as well as the important bearing translation has on the orthographies used. The paper
concludes that the reduced scale of Cornish literature, in turn reflecting its low number of speakers, and its heavy reliance on
translation render it highly vulnerable to major distortions caused by a very small number of players (translators and publishers)
guided by their own personal preferences. This spontaneous dynamic may detract from the potential for translation to reinvigorate
the literature available to would-be speakers. A more concerted and coherent translation policy would help boost language planning
efforts as a whole.
Berrskrif
An erthygel ma a dhispleg an rann treylyans dhe allos gwari rag yethow minoryta dres y weythres keskomunyans
elvennek. Wosa henna, ev a dheskrif dasserghyans an taves Kernewek ha kedrynn an lytherennans keffrys ha’n lien arnowydh. Hemm a
re an gettesten rag konvedhes dielvennans manylys a’n rol a vri gwarys gans treylyans yn esplegyans an lien kernewek arnowydh hag
ynwedh avel rann an argerdh dasvewans dre vras, ow tadhla tremmynow kepar ha’n eghennow chif ha’n tavasow derowel keffrys hag
effeyth an treylyans war furv an lytherennans devnydhys. Sewyans an erthygel yw awos byghander korf an lien ha niver isel a
gowsoryon/esow keffrys hag y serghogeth war an treylyans, yth yw an lien Kernewek pur woliadow dhe chanjyow bras kawsys gans niver
byghan a elvennow (treylyoryon ha dylloryon) gidys gans aga dewisow aga honan. An studh derayus ma a yll gwanna an galladewder dhe
dhasserghi an lien kavadow dhe’n dus a ylli bos Gernewegoryon/esow. Rag henna yma edhom a bolici treylyans kesweythys ha kesklenus
rag avonsya assays towlennans yeth dre vras.
Resumo
Post superrigardo de la rolo kiun ludas tradukado por minoritataj lingvoj, preter ties baza komunika funkcio, la
referaĵo liveras superrigardon de la kornvala lingvorevivigo kaj la sekva literuma konflikto, kune kun ĝia korpuso de moderna
literaturo. Tio konsistigas fonon por detala analizo de la ŝlosila rolo kiun ludis kaj ludas tradukado en la evoluo de moderna
kornvala literaturo kaj, sekve de tio, la reviviga procezo kiel tuto, ekde tiaj aspektoj kiaj la plenaĝulaj kaj porinfanaj ĝenroj
kaj ties fontolingvoj ĝis la grava influo de tradukado je la uzataj ortografioj. La referaĵo trovas, ke la reduktita skalo de
kornvala literaturo, spegulante siavice ĝian limigitan nombron da parolantoj, kaj ĝian fortan dependon je tradukado, igas ĝin
aparte vundebla de signifaj mistordoj kaŭzitaj de la malvasta nombro de rolantoj (tradukantoj kaj eldonantoj), gvidataj de la
propraj preferoj. Tiu spontana dinamiko povus redukti la potencialon de tradukado por revigligi la literaturon disponeblan al tiuj
kiuj deziras lerni la lingvon. Pli komuna kaj kohera traduka politiko helpus fortigi lingvoplanajn klopodojn kiel tuton.
Article outline
- Introduction
- 1.Translation and minority languages
- 2.The Cornish language revival
- 3.An overview of Revived Cornish literature
- 4.The role of translation in Revived Cornish literature
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
References
References (66)
Angelelli, Claudia V. (2014). The Sociological Turn in Translation
and Interpreting Studies. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Anon. (2010). Folennyk Deth
Mora [‘Launch Day Pamphlet’]. Porth
Ya/St. Ives: Gwask an Orlewen. Retrieved from [URL]
. (2013, 6 December). Remember
Topsy and Tim as a child? Now read it in Cornish. The
Packet. Retrieved from [URL]
Akademi Kernewek (2021). An Outline of the
Standard Written Form of Cornish. Retrieved from [URL]
Baxter, Robert N. (2006). Translation for public
consumption in subordinated language communities: The case of
Breton. In A. Parada & O. Díaz Fouces (Coords.). Sociology
of
Translation (pp. 11–36). Vigo: Universidade de Vigo.
(2013). Interpreting and minority
language planning and policy Galician as a case study. Language Problems and Language
Planning, 37(3), 227–248.
(2021). An analytical audit of twenty
years of literary translation into Breton. Viceversa. Revista galega de
tradución, 211, 143–163.
(2024). Minority language interpreting
in regional parliaments: Breton, Corsican, Scottish Gaelic and Welsh compared. Perspectives:
Studies in Translation Theory and Practice, on-line ahead of
print, 1–20.
(2025). An analysis of the role played
by translation in minority languages: Welsh and Breton compared. Quaderns. Revista de
Traducció, 321, in press.
Beerle-Moor, Marianne & Voinov, Vitaly (Eds.) (2015). Language
Vitality Through Bible Translation. New York: Peter Lang.
Bock, Albert & Bruch, Benjamin (2008). An
Outline of the Standard Written Form of
Cornish. Truro: Cornish Language Partnership. Retrieved from [URL]
Brecht, Richard D. & Walton, A. Ronald (1994). National Strategic
Planning in the Less Commonly Taught Languages. The Annals of the American Academy of Political
and Social Science, 5321, 190–212.
Broadhurst, Kensa (2020: 21–22). The
Death and Subsequent Revival of the Cornish Language. The Open
Review, 61, 20–27.
Burke, Michael (2022). Language
and style in ‘The Gruffalo’. Language and Literature: International Journal of
Stylistics, 31(1), 41–61.
Comajoan-Colomé, Llorenç & Coronel-Molina, Serafín M. (2021). What does language
revitalisation in the twenty-first century look like? New trends and frameworks. Journal of
Multilingual and Multicultural
Development, 42(10), 897–904.
Council of Europe (2004). European Charter
for Regional or Minority Languages (4th
edition). Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Retrieved from [URL]
Cronin, Michael (1995). Altered
States: Translation and Minority Languages. TTR : traduction, terminologie,
rédaction, 8(1), 85–103.
(2009). Minority. In M. Baker & G. Saldanha (Eds.) Routledge
Encyclopaedia of Translation
Studies (pp. 169–172). New York & London: Routledge.
Davies-Deacon, Merryn S. (2016). Orthographies and ideologies
in revived Cornish [Master’s thesis, University of York]. Retrieved from [URL]
Davies-Deacon, Merryn (2017). Names,
Varieties and Ideologies in Revived Cornish. Studia Celtica
Posnaniensia, 2(1), 81–95.
(2020). The
orthography of revived Cornish as an attempt at pluricentricity. Language Problems and Language
Planning, 44(1), 66–86.
Deacon, Bernard (2006). Cornish
or Klingon? The Standardization of the Cornish Language. In P. Payton (Ed.). Cornish
Studies, Vol. 141 (pp. 13–23). Exeter: University of Exeter Press.
Diaz Fouces, Oscar (2005). Translation
policy for minority languages in the European Union: Globalisation and
resistance. In A. Branchadell & L. M. West (Eds.). Less
Translated
Languages (pp. 95–104). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
(2010). Planificació
(eco)lingüística i gestió dels intercanvis lingüístics. Monografías de Traducción e
Interpretación
(MonTI), 21, 283–313.
(2019). From
language planning to translation policy. Looking for a conceptual
framework. In G. González Núñez & R. Meylaerts (Coords.). Translation
and public policy interdisciplinary perspectives and case
studies (pp. 58–82). New York & London: Routledge.
Everson, Michael (2000). Preface. In N. Williams Nicholas English-Cornish
Dictionary Gerlyver
Sawsnek-Kernowek (xi–xix). Resrudh/Redruth: Agan Tavas.
Ferdinand, Siarl (2013). A
Brief History of the Cornish Language, its Revival and its Current Status. e-Keltoi: Journal of
Interdisciplinary Celtic
Studies, 21, 199–227. Retrieved
from [URL]
(2018). Py
Lies Kerneweger Eus yn Kernow? / How many Cornish Speakers Are There in
Cornwall? In F. Bihan-Gallic, C. Lewin, S. Summers & C. Wilson (Eds.). Proceedings
of the Association of Celtic Students of Ireland and Britain, Vol.
III-V (pp. 51–65). Dùn Èideann/Edinburgh: Association of Celtic Students of Ireland and Britain.
García González, Marta. (2005). Translation
of minority languages in bilingual and multilingual
communities. In A. Branchadell & L. M. West (Eds.). Less
Translated
Languages (pp. 105–123). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
George, Ken J. (1985). A phonological history of
Cornish [Doctoral dissertation, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest].
(1986). The Pronunciation and Spelling of
Revived Cornish. Pennsans/Penzance: Cornish Language Board.
George, Ken (2001). Revived
Cornish. In M. J. Ball (Ed.). The
Celtic
Languages (pp. 644–654). New York & London: Routledge.
Grin, François (2003). Language
policy evaluation and the European charter for regional or minority
languages. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hut, Arjan (2001). Cornish.
The Cornish language in education in the
UK. Ljouwert/Leeuwarden: Mercator-Education.
Jenkin, Conan & Hak, Tony (trads. 2024). Hwedhel Peder Konin/The Tale of Peter Rabbit. Neckarsteinach: Tintenfaß.
Kaufmann, Judith. (2010). Cyfieithu a Pholisi Iaith [Translation and language
policy]. Contemporary
Wales, 23(1), 171–183.
Kloss, Heinz (1969). Research
possibilities on group bilingualism: A
report. Quebec: International Center for research on Bilingualism.
Kuusi, Päivi, Kolehmainen, Leena & Riionheimo, Helka (2017). Multiple
Roles of Translation in the Context of Minority Languages and Revitalisation. trans-kom:
Zeitschrift für Translationswissenschaft und
Fachkommunikation, 10(2), 138–163. Retrieved
from [URL]
Llewellyn, Anastasia (2018). Saviour
of the Language? The Role and Impact of the Welsh Bible [Master’s
thesis, Concordia University]. Retrieved
from [URL]
Lobenstein-Reichmann, Anja (2022). Luther’s
Contribution as Bible Translator to the German Language. The Bible
Translator, 73(3), 301–334.
Meylaerts, Reine (2009). « Et
pour les Flamands, la même chose » quelle politique de traduction pour quelles minorités
linguistiques ? Meta : Journal des traducteurs/Translators’
Journal, 54(1), 7–21.
(2011). Translational
justice in a multilingual world: An overview of translational regimes. Meta : Journal des
traducteurs/Translators’
Journal, 56(4), 743–757.
Meylaerts, Reine & González Núñez, Gabriel (2018). No
language policy without translation policy: A comparison of Flanders and Wales. Language
Problems and Language
Planning, 42(2), 196–219.
Mills, Jon (2010). Genocide
and Ethnocide: The Suppression of the Cornish Language. In J. Partridge (Ed.). Interfaces
in
Language (pp. 189–206). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Moseley, Christopher ed. (2010). Atlas
of the World’s Languages in
Danger. Paris: UNESCO. Retrieved
from [URL]
O’Connell, Eithne, & Walsh, John (2006). Translation
and language planning in Ireland: Challenges and
opportunities. Administration, 54(3), 22–43.
Office for National
Statistics (2022). Statistical bulletin, Religion, England and Wales: Census
2021. Retrieved from [URL]
Olalere, Omotayo I. & Jimoh, Abidemi Q. (2022). The Impact of Bible
Translation on Language Revitalization. A Comparison of Luther’s Translation into German and Crowther’s Translation into
Yoruba. Journal for Translation Studies in
Nigeria, 11, 72–89. Retrieved
from [URL]
Parry, John J. (1946). The Revival of Cornish: An
Dasserghyans Kernewek. Publications of the
Modern Language Association
(PMLA), 61(1), 258–268.
Renkó-Michelsén, Zsuzsanna (2013). Language
Death and Revival: Cornish as a Minority Language in UK. Journal Of Estonian and Finno-Ugric
Linguistics 4(2), 179–197.
Richard, Serj (trans. 2013). An dengasaour. Pont-ar-Veuzenn-Kimerc’h/Pont-de-Buis-lès-Quimerch: Mouladurioù Hor Yezh.
Stalmaszczyk, Piotr (1999). Cornish
Language and Literature: A Brief Introduction. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria
Anglica, 31, 117–127. Retrieved
from [URL]
St.-Pierre, Paul (2005). Translation
in an era of globalization. In P. Kar & P. St.-Pierre, Paul (Eds.). Translation,
Reflections, Refractions,
Transformations (pp. 162–172). New Delhi: Pencraft.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 14 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
