Article published In: Language Problems and Language Planning
Vol. 49:2 (2025) ► pp.178–205
The evolution of language education policies and international relations in China
A structural realist perspective
Published online: 19 August 2025
https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.24052.mao
https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.24052.mao
Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of the evolution of Chinese language education policy amid the country’s global
transformation. Drawing upon the theory of structural realism in international relations, we argue that China’s language policy
changes are driven by the dynamic interactions between a country’s domestic developments and its changing position in the
international system. Through a review of policy documents, the study reveals three major shifts in China’s language education
policy in the past three decades: from an economic to a political orientation, from an emphasis on cultural input to cultural
output, and from a focus on English as the major foreign language to the promotion of a multilingual landscape. These shifts are
analyzed as China’s strategic responses to its pursuit of national interests within the changing international environment. The
analysis not only contributes to an understanding of policy changes in China, it also makes a contribution to the field of
language policy by demonstrating the explanatory power of international relations theory in understanding language policy changes
in the context of globalization.
摘要
本文分析了中国在全球化转型进程中语言教育政策的演变。运用国际关系结构现实主义理论,我们认为中国语言政策的变化是国家内部发展与其在国际体系中地位变化相互作用的结果。通过梳理政策文件,本研究揭示了中国语言教育政策在过去三十年中的三个重要转变:从经济导向转向战略导向,从注重文化输入转向文化输出,从以英语为主要外语转向构建多语言格局。研究认为,这些转变体现了中国在变化的国际环境中追求国家利益的战略考量。本研究不仅有助于理解中国的政策变化,同时通过展示国际关系理论在解释全球化背景下语言政策变化方面的作用,为语言政策研究领域提供了新的理论视角。
Resumo
Tiu ĉi referaĵo prezentas analizon de la evoluo de ĉinlingva eduka politiko en kunteksto de la monda
transformiĝo de tiu lando. Ĉerpante el la teorio de struktura realismo en internaciaj rilatoj, ni asertas, ke la lingvopolitikaj
ŝanĝoj de Ĉinio estas motivitaj de la dinamikaj interagoj inter la enlandaj evoluoj de difinita lando kaj ĝia ŝanĝiĝanta pozicio
en la internacia sistemo. Per ekzameno de politikaj dokumentoj, la studo malkaŝas tri grandajn modifojn de la lingvoeduka politiko
de Ĉinio en la pasintaj tri jardekoj: el ekonomia al politika orientiĝo, el emfazo de kultura ensorbado al kultura produktado, kaj
el fokuso je la angla kiel la ĉefa fremda lingvo al subteno de multlingva pejzaĝo. Tiujn ŝoviĝojn oni analizas kiel la strategiajn
respondojn de Ĉinio al ĝia sekvado de naciaj interesoj ene de ŝanĝiĝanta internacia medio. La analizo ne nur kontribuas al
kompreno de politikaj ŝanĝiĝoj en Ĉinio, sed ankaŭ faras kontribuon al la kampo de lingvopolitiko per elmontro de la eksplika
potenco de la teorio de internaciaj rilatoj por kompreni lingvopolitikajn ŝanĝojn kuntekste de tutmondiĝo.
Article outline
- Introduction
- Language policy and international relations
- Language policies in China: Historical context and contemporary landscape
- Structural realism and language policy
- Evolution of language education policies in China
- Major shifts in China’s language education policy
- From economic to political orientation
- From cultural input to cultural output
- The shift from English as lingua franca to supporting multilingualism
- Implications for China’s global engagement and soft power projection
- Conclusion
- Conflict of interest statement
References
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