Article published In: Language Problems and Language Planning
Vol. 47:3 (2023) ► pp.279–299
Elites, centers and “forces collectives”
Language standardization from Meillet to Gramsci – and beyond
Published online: 3 October 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.22037.col
https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.22037.col
Abstract
The concept of standard language has become highly controversial after the rise of the postmodernist paradigm.
This article traces the roots of the concept in the studies of a group of European linguists who inquired into the spread of
“common languages” and related it to the processes of modernization and the role of social elites and urban centers during the
1920s. It then reviews the central role it played in the studies on nationalism and nation-building after 1945 and discusses how
the focus on structural, macro-historical processes as determinants of the emergence of standard languages came to be abandoned in
classical and postmodernist approaches to language standardization. Finally, it suggests that Antonio Gramsci’s insights on the
“language question” in Italy should be read on the background of the early research on common languages and suggests that a
reconsideration of macro-historical approaches could contribute to the understanding of the spread of Global English.
Sommario
Con l’ascesa del paradigma postmodernista, il concetto di lingua standard è diventato controverso. L’articolo
rintraccia le radici di questo concetto negli studi di un gruppo di linguisti europei che negli anni Venti del Novecento
indagarono la diffusione delle “lingue comuni” mettendola in relazione con i processi di modernizzazione e con il ruolo direttivo
delle élite sociali e dei centri urbani. Successivamente, il testo esamina il ruolo centrale che il concetto ha assunto negli
studi su nazionalismo e nation-building dopo il 1945, e discute come l’attenzione iniziale per i processi strutturali e
macrostorici come fattori decisivi nell’ascesa delle lingue standard sia stata di fatto abbandonata negli approcci classici e
postmodernisti alla standardizzazione linguistica. Infine, l’articolo suggerisce che le riflessioni di Antonio Gramsci sulla
“questione della lingua” in Italia dovrebbero essere lette sullo sfondo della ricerca sulle “lingue comuni” e che una
riconsiderazione degli approcci macrostorici potrebbe contribuire ad una migliore comprensione delle cause della diffusione
dell’inglese come lingua globale.
Resumo
La koncepto de norma lingvo farigis tre debatebla afero ekde apero de la postmoderna paradigmo. La nuna artikolo
spuras la radikojn de la koncepto en la studoj de grupo de europaj lingvistoj kiuj esploris pri la disvastigo de “komunaj lingvoj”
kaj ligis gin al la procezoj de modernigo kaj la rolo de sociaj elitoj kaj urbaj centroj dum la 1920aj jaroj. La artikolo plue
esploras la kernan rolon kiun gi ludis en la studoj pri naciismo kaj naciokonstruado post 1945 kaj pridiskutas kiel la fokuso de
strukturaj, makrohistoriaj procedoj kiel determiniloj de la ekapero de normaj lingvoj estis forlasita en klasikaj kaj
postmodernistaj aliroj al lingvonormigo. Fine, gi sugestas, ke la sagacaj enrigardoj de Antonio Gramsci pri la “lingva demando” en
Italio estu rigardataj en la kunteksto de la fruaj esploroj pri komunaj lingvoj, kaj gi plue sugestas, ke rekonsidero de
makrohistoriaj aliroj povus kontribui al kompreno de la disvastigo de Tutmonda Angla.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Langues communes and standard languages
- 3.Standard languages and nation-building: Karl W. Deutsch and Stein Rokkan
- 4.Standardization and social planning: Heinz Kloss and Einar Haugen
- 5.Postmodern language planning and the eclipses of the grandes forces collectives
- 6.Gramsci, the “common language” and Global English
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
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