Article published In: Language Problems and Language Planning
Vol. 47:1 (2023) ► pp.1–23
Issues in introducing indigenous languages in higher education in Africa
The example of Nigeria
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.
For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.
Open Access publication of this article was funded through a Transformative Agreement with Leiden University.
Published online: 17 October 2022
https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.22005.olo
https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.22005.olo
Abstract
As the most populous African nation, with one of the most diverse, and problematic, ethnolinguistic profiles in
the world, Nigeria provides a case study for the potential introduction of indigenous languages in (higher) education delivery in
once colonised territories. We argue that increased enrolment in higher education will become necessary for Nigeria to attain its
developmental goals. We then discuss the limits to what the Nigerian educational system can be expected to achieve using English
as the medium of instruction. Once these limits are surpassed, the gradual addition of a limited number of Nigerian languages will
become inevitable. We propose to make use of a distinction between languages as designed (or intellectualized) and languages as
discerned, inspired by the terminology of ‘Ausbau’ and ‘Abstand’ languages as used by Kloss. The article briefly reviews the
complex linguistic makeup of Nigeria and outlines a number of principles that could guide rational language choices in this area,
such as ease of acquisition and inclusivity. It ends with suggesting a number of concrete steps that should be taken over the
coming years in order to make the introduction of indigenous languages into higher education in Nigeria a practical possibility.
Áljẹbrà
Gẹgẹbi orilẹ-ede ti o pọ julọ ni Afirika, pelu etno-linguistik profaili (tabi iwoye abinibi ati ede) ti o jẹ
ọkan lara awon ti o je oniruuru ti o si níṣòro jùlo ni agbaye, Naijiria pese anfani fun iṣafihan iseese lilo ede abinibi fun
ẹkọ (giga ju) ni awọn agbegbe ti ijọba amunisin ti wa tẹ́lẹ̀rí. A jaa niyan pe yoo se pataki fun iforukọsilẹ fun ile ẹkọ giga
lati pọ sii ti Naijiria yoo ba ni iyorisirere ni eto idagbasoke rẹ. Lẹhin eyi, a jiroro lori gbendeke iwọn aṣeyọri ti awọn ọmọ
Naijiria le nireti lati ni labẹ lilo Gẹẹsi gẹgẹbi ede ikọni. Ni kete ti awọn gbendeke iwọn yi ba ti rekọja, o di dandan ki lilo
awọn ede Naijiria die fun ikọni bẹrẹ diẹdiẹ. A daba lati ṣ̣e amulo iyatọ̣ ti o wa laarin ede ti o jẹ “disaini”
(“designed”), eyinni àgbélẹ̀rọ tabi àtọwọ́dá ede (ti onìmọ̀), ati eyi ti o jẹ“disaani” (“discerned”), ti i se awọn ede
ti a da mo; a lo ìpèdè wonyi pẹlu imisi awọn ìpèdèe ‘Ausbau’ ati ‘Abstandi’ lati owo Kloss, Heinz. (1967). Abstand
Languages’ and ‘Ausbau Languages’. Anthropological
Linguistics (9)71, 29–41.. Àpilẹ̀kọ náà ṣe àyẹ̀wò ní
ṣókí nipa ìdíjúmọ́rí èdè ni ile Nàìjíríà, o si ṣe ìlà̀ àwọn ìlànà mélòó kan tí ó lè ṣe atọ́kun fun íyàn èdè to mọgbọ́nwa, gẹ́gẹ́
bí, bi mimọ ede ṣe rọ̀rùn si, àti eto ìfikúnra. O pari pẹlu didamọran awọn igbesẹ gbòógì kan ti o yẹ ni gbígbé ni awọn
ọdun to n bọ niwaju ki eto naa to le je ṣíṣ̣e ni pàtó.
Resumo
Kiel la plej homplena afrika nacio, kun unu el la plej diversaj, kaj problemoplenaj, etnolingvaj profiloj en la mondo, Niĝerio liveras modelan kazon por studi la eventualan enkondukon de indiĝenaj lingvoj en liveron de (supera) edukado en iam koloniigitaj teritorioj. Ni argumentas, ke pli alta nivelo de frekventado de supera edukado fariĝos necesa por ke Niĝerio atingu siajn evoluigajn celojn. Ni sekve pridiskutas la limojn de tio kion oni povas atendi de la niĝeria eduka sistemo per uzo de la angla kiel instrumedio. Kiam oni trapasos tiujn limojn, la iompostioma enkonduko de limigita nombro de niĝeriaj lingvoj fariĝos neevitebla. Ni celas distingi inter lingvoj dezajnitaj (t.e. intelektigitaj) kaj lingvoj perceptitaj, laŭ inspiro de la terminologio de lingvoj ‘Ausbau’ kaj ‘Abstand’ uzata de Kloss. La artikolo mallonge resumas la komplikan lingvan konsiston de Niĝerio kaj skizas kelkajn principojn kiuj povus gvidi raciajn decidojn ĉi-terene, kiel ekzemple akirofacilecon kaj inkluzivigon. Fine ĝi sugestas kelkajn konkretajn paŝojn por ke la enkonduko de indiĝenaj lingvoj en superan edukadon en Niĝerio fariĝu praktike ebla.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Why a transition to Nigerian languages will be needed
- 2.1On discerned and designed languages
- 2.2The challenge of education for all
- 2.3Required language level in Tertiary education: The case of Nigeria
- 3.How to choose Nigerian languages for use in education
- 3.1Ease of acquisition and learning
- 3.2Equity
- 3.3Inclusivity
- 3.4State of development
- 4.How could a transition be made?
- 5.Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
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