Article published In: Language Problems and Language Planning
Vol. 46:3 (2022) ► pp.256–290
Palestinian kindergarten teachers in Israel and Arabic education policy
Language practice, ideology, and management
Published online: 21 June 2022
https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.21041.sha
https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.21041.sha
Abstract
This study aims to explore language education policy among Palestinian Arab kindergarten teachers in Israel, employing the framework of language policy proposed by (2009). Language management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. , based on three major components: language practices, language ideologies, and language management. A mixed-method research approach consisting of both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection is employed. A questionnaire was completed by a total of 509 kindergarten teachers. In addition, a semi-structured interview was carried out with 12 kindergarten teachers, selected from among those who answered the questionnaire, in order to gain a deeper understanding about Arabic language education policy. The data revealed that Palestinian Arab kindergarten teachers in Israel mostly use a mixture of Standard Arabic (StA) and Spoken Arabic (SpA) as the medium of instruction, using Hebrew or foreign words only sparingly. They express positive attitudes towards Arabic’s role as an important language in Israel. They also show positive attitudes about StA, believing that it is necessary to master it, yet facing difficulties while using it when speaking with the children. Regarding language management, they conduct activities that help develop StA skills, both for themselves and their students. Finally, there are significant interrelations between the kindergarten teachers’ background variables (religion, type of city they live in, seniority, education, and district) and language practice, ideology, and management. Based on these findings, it is important to construct a clearly-defined StA educational policy in Arab kindergartens.
الملخص
سياسة التربية اللغويّة العربيّة لدى مربّيّات رياض الأطفال الفلسطينيّات في إسرائيل: الممارسات، العقيدة والإدارة اللغويّة
تناولت الدراسة سياسة التربية اللغويّة العربيّة لدى مربّيّات رياض الأطفال في المجتمع العربيّ الفلسطينيّ في إسرائيل، بالاعتماد على مركّبات السياسة اللغويّة الثلاثة التي اقترحها سبولسكي ( (2009). Language management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. )؛ الممارسات اللغويّة، العقيدة اللغويّ والإدارة اللغويّة.
اعتمد البحث على جمع معطيات كميّة وكيفيّة؛ تمّ جمع المعطيات الكميّة بواسطة استبيان، أمّا الكيفيّة فقد تمّ جمعها بواسطة مقابلات. شاركت 509 مربيّة عربيّة في تعبئة الاستبيان و12 مربيّة في المقابلات. أظهرت نتائج التحليل الكميّ على أنّ غالبيّة المربيات تستخدم مزيجًا من العربيّة المعياريّة والمحكيةّ داخل رياض الأطفال، وفي بعض الأحيان يستخدمن كلمات عبريّة أو أجنبيّة. فيما يتعلّق بالعقيدة اللغويّة؛ تنظر المربّيات للعربيّة نظرة إيجابيّة وأنّها لغة مهمّة في إسرائيل، وأنّ المعياريّة تعتبر مهمّة للتعليم ولاكتساب القراءة والكتابة لدى الأطفال. بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، ترى المربّيات بأنّه من الضروري إتقان العربيّة المعياريّة، لكنهنّ يواجهن صعوبة عند استخدامها للتحدّث مع أطفال الروضة. فيما يتعلّق بالإدارة اللغويّة؛ دلّت النتائج بأنّ المربّيات تقمن بأنشطة لغويّة تساهم في تطوير مهارات العربيّة المعياريّة والتي تتعلّق بهم وبأطفال الروضة. أخيرًا ، أشارت نتائج الدراسة إلى وجود ارتباطات ذات دلالة إحصائيّة بين المتغيرات الخلفيّة للمربّيات (الدين، نوع المدينة التي يعيشون فيها، التعليم الأكاديميّ واللواء) وبين الممارسات، العقيدة، والإدارة اللغويّة. بالمقابل، أظهرت النتائج الكيفيّة على أنّ المربّيّات غالبًا ما تستعمل العربيّة المحكية وأنّها تستخدم مزيجًا من المعياريّة والمحكية أثناء سرد القصص. أمّا بخصوص استعمال العبريّة فقد أشارت النتائج اختلافًا بين المربّيّات. كما وأكّدت النتائج على صعوبة الغالبية العظمى منهنّ في استخدام العربيّة المعياريّة عند التحدّث مع الأطفال.
بناءً على هذه النتائج، من المهمّ بناء سياسة تربية لغويّة، عربيّة معياريّة وواضحة للعمل عليها داخل رياض الأطفال العربيّة الفلسطينيّة في إسرائيل.
الكلمات المفتاحيّة: العربيّة, ازدواجيّة اللغة, السياسة اللغويّة, الممارسات اللغويّة, العقيدة اللغويّة, الإدارة اللغويّة
Resumo
La nuna studo celas esplori lingvoedukan politikon inter palestinaj arabaj infranĝardenaj instruistoj en Israelo, utiligante la kadron de lingvopolitiko proponita de Spolsky (2009), kun bazo el tri komponentoj: lingvaj praktikoj, lingvaj ideologioj, kaj lingva mastrumado. La esploro uzas miksan metodon de kaj kvanta kaj kvalita kolektado de donitaĵoj. Demandaro estis kompletigita de entute 509 infanĝardenaj instruistoj. Krome, duonstrukturita intervjuo estis plenumita kun 12 infanĝardenaj instruistoj, selektitaj el inter la respondintoj de la demandaro, por akiri pli profundan komprenon pri la arablingva eduka politiko. La rezultaj donitaĵoj montris, ke palestinarabaj infanĝardenaj instruistoj en Israelo plejparte uzas mikson de norma araba kaj parola araba kiel instrumedion, utiligante hebreajn aŭ fremdajn vortojn nur ŝpareme. Ili esprimas pozitivajn starpunktojn rilate la rolon de la araba kiel grava lingvo en Israelo. Ili ankaŭ montras pozitivajn starpunktojn koncerne norman araban, kredante, ke necesas plene regi ĝin, malgraŭ tio, ke ili frontas malfacilaĵojn kiam ili parolas ĝin kun la studentoj. Se temas pri lingva mastrumado, ili plenumas agadojn kiuj helpas evoluigi normarabajn kapablojn, kaj por ili mem kaj por la studentoj. Fine, ekzistas signifaj interrilatoj inter la fonaj variabloj de la infanĝardenaj instruistoj (religio, la speco de urbo en kiu ili loĝas, nivelo de respondeco, eduko, distrikto) kaj lingvaj praktiko, ideologio kaj mastrumado. Gravas, surbaze de tiuj eltrovoj, konstrui klare difinitan normaraban edukan politikon en arabaj infanĝardenoj.
Article outline
- Introduction
- Background: The Palestinian linguistic repertoire in Israel
- Arabic education policy in Israel and the role of teachers
- Research questions
- Methodology
- Participants
- Instruments
- Semi-structured interviews
- Procedures
- Results
- Interviews
- Theme 1. Arabic language practices among kindergarten teachers
- Theme 2. Ideology of kindergarten teachers toward language usage
- Theme 3. Language management of kindergarten teachers
- Theme 4. Challenges facing kindergarten teachers while using the StA
- Discussion and conclusions
- Notes
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