Article published In: Language, conflict and security
Edited by Roberta Medda-Windischer and Andrea Carlà
[Language Problems and Language Planning 46:2] 2022
► pp. 192–224
Language policies as a conflict prevention tool
The approach and experience of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
Published online: 17 November 2022
https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00092.rot
https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00092.rot
Abstract
This article outlines the approach of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities to matters related to the use of language, assessing its consistency. Language is a major identity marker and as such can become a contentious issue in multi-ethnic societies. Questions revolving around the use of language can catalyse fights around distribution of power within States. They can also become a source of conflict and tensions between States, requiring the attention of international organizations such as the OSCE. Conversely, sound language policies can be instrumental in defusing tensions and strengthen the cohesion of diverse societies. Since its inception thirty years ago, the HCNM has devised a framework for developing balanced language policies as an instrument for conflict prevention. In the HCNM experience, the promotion and use of minority languages needs to be balanced by the adoption and promotion of one or more official languages. The article argues that the HCNM approach relies on the ‘positive’ securitization of linguistic rights, and proves that through its thematic recommendations the HCNM has embarked on a mission of addressing languages and minorities through inclusion and integration, as an approach to build a win-win model of global and regional security.
Résumé
Cet article décrit l’approche du Haut-Commissaire de l’OSCE pour les minorités (HCMN) nationales en matière de langue et vise à en évaluer la cohérence. La langue est un important marqueur d’identité et à ce titre, elle est susceptible de devenir un objet de litige dans les sociétés pluriethniques. Les questions que soulève l’usage linguistique peuvent catalyser les tensions et les conflits entre États, amenant des organisations internationales telles que l’OSCE à leur prêter attention. À l’inverse, des politiques linguistiques avisées peuvent contribuer à désamorcer les tensions et à renforcer la cohésion des sociétés plurielles. Depuis ses débuts il y a une trentaine d’années, le HCMN a élaboré un cadre pour le développement de politiques linguistiques équilibrées en tant qu’instrument de prévention des conflits. Selon l’expérience du Haut-Commissariat, il importe de combiner la promotion et l’utilisation des langues minoritaires d’une part avec la promotion d’une ou plusieurs langues officielles d’autre part. Cet article avance l’idée que l’approche du HCMN repose sur une ‘sécuritisation positive’ des droits linguistiques et qu’elle montre, au travers de ses recommandations thématiques, que le Haut-Commissariat entend traiter les questions de langues et de minorités en termes d’inclusion et d’intégration. Ce faisant, il vise à construire un modèle gagnant-gagnant de sécurité globale et régionale.
Resumo
Tiu ĉi artikolo skizas la alirvojon de la Alta Komisionestro pri Naciaj Minoritatoj de la Organizo pri Sekureco kaj Kunlaboro en Eŭropo (OSKE) rilate la uzadon de lingvoj, taksante ĝian konsekvencecon. Lingvoj estas gravaj indikiloj de identeco kaj, kiel tiaj, povas fariĝi disputiga demando en multetnaj socioj. Demandoj ĉirkaŭ la uzado de lingvoj povas katalizi batalojn pri la distribuo de potenco ene de Ŝtatoj. Ili povas ankaŭ fariĝi fontoj de konfliktoj kaj streĉitecoj inter Ŝtatoj, postulante la atenton de internaciaj organizoj kiel ekzemple OSKE. Male, solidaj lingvaj politikoj povas roli por mildigi streĉitecojn kaj povas fortigi la koheron de diversaj socioj. Ekde sia starigo antaŭ tridek jaroj, la Alta Komisiono pri Naciaj Minoritatoj (AKNM) ellaboris kadron por evoluigi ekvilibrajn lingvopolitikojn kiel ilon por konfliktoprevento. Laŭ la sperto de AKNM, la antaŭenigo kaj utiligo de minoritataj lingvoj devas kontraŭpesiĝi per akcepto kaj antaŭenigo de unu aŭ kelkaj oficialaj lingvoj. La artikolo asertas ke la aliro AKNM dependas de la “pozitiva” sekurecigo de lingvaj rajtoj, kaj pruvas, ke pere de siaj temaj rekomendoj AKNM lanĉis mision por fronti lingvojn kaj minoritatojn pere de inkluzivo kaj integriĝo, kiel aliron por konstrui ĉiam pozitivan modelon de tutmonda kaj regiona sekureco.
Article outline
- Introduction
- Conceptual framework
- The OSCE High Commissioner on national minorities: Mandate and evolving role
- Origins and mandate
- Evolution: From tripwire to shaping policies
- The concept and practice of integration
- Beyond the protection of human rights and towards integrated societies
- Conflict prevention through diversity management
- Language, ethnicity and conflict
- Language as an identity marker and vital interest
- Instrumentalization and securitization of language issues
- Positive vs negative securitization of language issues
- From Oslo to Ljubljana: The evolving HCNM approach to language issues
- Before Oslo
- The Oslo recommendations regarding the linguistic rights of national minorities
- From Oslo to Ljubljana
- Elements of a balanced language policy
- The promotion of state/official languages and the role of the HCNM
- What balance
- Principles
- The HCNM in action
- Promotion of state language
- The enforcement of minority languages in state administration
- The HCNM impact on minority and state language promotion
- Minority languages and economic activities
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
References
References (23)
Bieber, F. (2018). “Is Nationalism on the Rise? Assessing Global Trends”. In Ethnopolitics: 17(5), pp. 519–540.
Bloed, A. (2013). “The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background”. In Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), pp. 15–24.
Carter, B., Sealey, A. (2007). “Languages, Nations and Identities”. In Methodological Innovations Online: 2(2), pp. 20–31. Available at
Croft, J. (2018). “Mind Your Own Business: the Oslo Recommendations and the Linguistic Rights of National Minorities in Economic Life”. In Ulasiuk, Iryna, Hadîrcă, Laurentiu, Romans, William (eds.), Language Policy and Conflict Prevention, Language Policy and Conflict Prevention. Brill Njihoff.
Deen, B., Romans, W. (2018). “Introduction: Shaping Language Policies to Promote Stability”. In Ulasiuk, Iryna, Hadîrcă, Laurentiu, Romans, William (eds.), Language Policy and Conflict Prevention, Language Policy and Conflict Prevention. Brill Njihoff.
De Varennes, F. (2022). Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Minority Issues to the UN Human Rights Council “Conflict prevention through the protection of the human rights of minorities” (15 March 2022), UN document A/HRC/49/46.
Eller, J. D. (1999). From Culture to Ethnicity to Conflict An Anthropological Perspective on Ethnic Conflict, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
Ghebali, V.-Y. (2009). “The High Commissioner on National Minorities after 15 Years: Achievements, Challenges and Promises”. In Security and Human Rights: 20(2), pp. 111–122.
Hadîrcă, L. (2018). “The HCNM approach to the Promotion of the State/Official Language in Various OSCE Participating States”. In Ulasiuk, Iryna, Hadîrcă, Laurentiu, Romans, William, Language Policy and Conflict Prevention, Language Policy and Conflict Prevention. Brill Njihoff.
Hobsbawm, E. (1996). “Language, Culture, and National Identity”. In Social Research: 63(4). Available at: [URL]
Kemp, W. A. (1999). Quiet Diplomacy in Action: The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities. Available at: [URL]
Lund, M. S. (2009). “Conflict Prevention: Theory in Pursuit of Policy and Practice”. Available at: [URL]
Nelde, P. H. (1987). “Language contact means language conflict”. In Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development: 8(1–2), p. 33–42.
Nicolaescu-Onofrei, L. (2017). Evaluation Report of the Central Asian Education Porgramme Phase II (CAEP II)
Palermo, F. (2018). “The Borders of my Language Mean the Borders of my World”. In Ulasiuk, Iryna, Hadîrcă, Laurentiu, Romans, William (eds.), Language Policy and Conflict Prevention, Language Policy and Conflict Prevention. Brill Njihoff.
Roter, P., Busch, B. (2018). “Language Rights in the Work of the Advisory Committee”. In Ulasiuk, Iryna, Hadîrcă, Laurentiu, Romans, William (eds.), Language Policy and Conflict Prevention, Language Policy and Conflict Prevention. Brill Njihoff.
Rotta, A. (2017). “Integrated Societies As A Vector Of Resilience”. In Lange, Sabina, Nechev, Zoran and Trauner, Florian (eds.), Resilience in the Western Balkans, EU Institute for Strategic Studies Report n.36. Available at: [URL]
Ulasiuk, I. (2011). “Language Rights in Relation to Public Administration: European Perspectives”. In International Journal on Minority and Group Rights: 18(1), pp. 93–113.
Van der Stoel, M. (1994). Political Order, Human Rights, and Development. Introduction by Max van der Stoel, CSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities to the Seminar on Conflict and Development: Causes, Effects, and Remedies, Instituut Clingendael, The Hague, 24 March 1994. Available at: [URL]
(2000). Address given to the International Conference on ‘Facing Ethnic Conflicts’, on 14 December 2000, in Bonn, Germany entitled Looking Back, Looking Forward: Reflections on Preventing Inter-Ethnic Conflict. Available at: [URL]
Vollebæk, K. (2018). “The State’s Responsibility to Safeguard Minority Rights: Building a Stable, Cohesive Society from the Ground up”. Available at: [URL]
Woehrling, J. M. (2006). The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages – A critical commentary, Council of Europe publishing Available at: [URL]
Zaagman, R. (1999). Conflict Prevention in the Baltic States: The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. ECMI Monograph # 1, European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI), Flensburg. Available at [URL]
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 26 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
