Discussion published In: Language Problems and Language Planning
Vol. 43:3 (2019) ► pp.286–311
Debate / Debate / Debatte / Debato
Languages in public policy, and constraints in academia
Published online: 3 December 2019
https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00046.phi
https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00046.phi
Abstract
The article explores evidence of public policy ignoring scholarly recommendations, and describes instances of this
in the field of language policy at both supranational and national levels. One significant contemporary influence is that
university autonomy and academic freedom are being constrained by neoliberal pressures. Evidence of this in the United Kingdom and
Denmark is described. These trends are connected to the wider context of the transition from the practices and ideology of
terra nullius to legitimate colonisation and global Europeanisation, and the concomitant dispossession of the
territories of others, to global Americanisation processes, the universalization of a cultura nullius in
commerce, the media, academia, and domestic life. This dovetails with the promotion and establishment of English as a
lingua nullius, a language that should be learned by all worldwide, as if it serves the interests of all
inhabitants of the globe, and is disconnected from the causal factors behind the expansion of the language. One speech by Winston
Churchill argues for the maintenance of university autonomy and historical awareness. Another pleads for Anglo-American global
dominance, including the promotion of English as a ‘world’ language. These competing pleas have had different outcomes: academic
freedom and traditions are currently at risk, whereas US dominance and the promotion and expansion of English have thrived. The
governments of the five Nordic countries have acted to ensure the maintenance of national languages as well as competence in
‘international languages’. This is exemplified by a description of how universities should assure parallel competence and thereby
a healthy balance between English and national languages. Soft power is never far from economic, political, and military power,
all of which entail language use. China and Chinese are well launched on a comparable trajectory to the expansion of English.
Résumé
Cet article se penche sur des cas de politique publique dans lesquels les recommandations des chercheurs
sont négligées, et en propose des illustrations tirées de politiques linguistiques sur les plans national et international. Un
aspect important de ce phénomène tient aux contraintes de type néo-libéral auxquelles les universités et la liberté académiques
sont actuellement soumises, ce que nous montrons à l’aide d’exemples britanniques et danois. Cette tendance est en lien avec un
processus plus ample de transition qui, partant de pratiques et d’une idéologie reposant sur la notion de terra
nullius, conduit d’abord à une légitimation de la colonisation et à l’européanisation du monde, puis débouche sur des
processus mondiaux d’américanisation et d’universalisation d’une cultura nullius dans le commerce, les médias,
les universités et la vie quotidienne. Cette évolution converge avec la promotion et l’installation de l’anglais dans le rôle de
lingua nullius, une langue que chacun à travers le monde se devrait d’apprendre, comme si elle servait les
intérêts des habitants du monde entier, et sans lien avec les causes mêmes de son expansion. Un discours de Winston Churchill
prend position pour maintien de l’autonomie de l’université et d’une conscience historique, mais un autre plaide pour une
dominance anglo-américaine planétaire, avec une promotion de l’anglais en tant que langue “mondiale”. Ces plaidoyers, qui se
concurrencent mutuellement, donnent lieu à des effets contrastés: la liberté et les traditions académiques sont en danger, alors
que la domination étatsunienne s’affirme et que la promotion et l’expansion de l’anglais le font prospérer. Les gouvernements de
cinq pays nordiques ont pris des mesures pour veiller à ce que leurs langues nationales soient préservées en même temps que se
diffusent les compétences en “langues internationales”. Illustrant cette tension, les universités sont censées assurer une
compétence parallèle et un sain équilibre entre l’anglais et les langues nationales. Le “soft power” n’est jamais loin de la
puissance économique, politique et militaire, qui toutes recourent à la langue. La Chine et le chinois sont à présent lancés sur
une trajectoire d’expansion comparable à celle de l’anglais.
Resumo
Ĉi tiu artikolo pritraktas okazojn de publika politiko, en kiuj la rekomendoj de esploristoj estis
preteratentataj kaj ĝi proponas ekzemplojn elprenitajn de lingvaj politikoj kaj je nacia kaj je internacia niveloj. Grava aspekto
de ĉi tiu fenomeno rilatas al la nov-liberismaj devigoj, je kiuj universitatoj kaj ĝenerale la akademia libereco estas nuntempe
submetataj, kion ni montras per ekzemploj britaj kaj danaj. Ĉi tiuj tendencoj estas kunligataj al la pli ĝenerala kunteksto de la
transiro de la praktikoj kaj ideologio de terra nullius al laŭlegigo de koloniigo kaj ĝenerala eŭropigo, kaj al
la samtempa elproprietigo de la teritotioj de aliaj, al la procedoj de tutmonda usonigo, al la universaligo de iu cultura
nullius en komerco, komunikiloj, universitatoj kaj hejma vivo. Ĉi tio kuniras kun la antaŭenigo kaj la starigo de la
angla lingvo kiel lingua nullius, lingvo, kiu devus esti lernata de ĉiuj tra la tuta mondo, kiel se ĝi servus la
interesojn de ĉiuj loĝantoj de la mondo, kaj estus ne kunligita kun la faktoroj kaŭzantaj la disvastiĝon de la lingvo. Unu
parolado de Winston Churchill argumentas por la pluteno de universitata aŭtonomeco kaj historia konscio., sed alia parolado
argumentas por angla-usona regado de la mondo, inkluzive de antaŭenigo de la angla lingvo kiel monda lingvo. Ĉi tiuj konkurantaj
pledoj havis malsamajn sekvojn: universitata libereco kaj tradicioj estas nuntempe en danĝero, dum usona regado kaj la antaŭenigo
kaj disvastigo de la angla progresadas.La registaroj de kvin nordaj landoj agis por certigi la plutenon de naciaj lingvoj kiel
ankaŭ la konon de ‘internaciaj lingvoj’. Ni donas ekzemplojn, priskribante kiel universitatoj devus certigi paralelan kapablon kaj
tiel sanan ekvilibron inter la angla kaj naciaj lingvoj. La “dolĉa potenco” neniam estas tro malproksima de ekonomia, politika kaj
armea potencoj, ĉiuj el kiuj implicas lingvo-uzon. Ĉinujo kaj la ĉina lingvo estas bone ekirintaj laŭ sama vojo kiel triu de la
disvastigo de la angla.
Article outline
- Public policy at universities
- The roles of a university
- From terra nullius to cultura nullius
- ‘World’ English the lingua nullius
- Micro level perspectives
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
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