In:Konkani
Ramesh Vaman Dhongde
[London Oriental and African Language Library 21] 2022
► pp. vii–xviii
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Published online: 18 November 2022
https://doi.org/10.1075/loall.21.toc
https://doi.org/10.1075/loall.21.toc
Table of contents
AcknowledgementsXIX
ForewordXXI
Abbreviations and symbolsXXIII
List of figuresXXV
List of tablesXXVII
Chapter 1.Introduction1
1.1Introduction1
1.2Area and speakers1
1.3The dialect-language controversy3
1.4Linguistic characteristics6
1.5Language and literature7
1.6Konkani grammarians9
1.7Script10
1.7.1Devanagari vowel symbols10
1.7.2Devanagari consonant symbols11
1.7.3Romanization12
Chapter 2.Sound system13
2.1Introduction13
2.2Vowels and diphthongs13
2.2.1Length13
2.2.2Variants14
2.2.3Distribution of vowels15
2.2.4Nasalization of vowels16
2.3Consonants17
2.3.1Stops18
2.3.2Affricates20
2.3.3Fricatives21
2.3.4Nasals21
2.3.5Laterals and flaps22
2.3.6Semi-vowels22
2.4Phonotactics24
2.4.1Word-initial consonant-clusters24
2.4.2Word-medial geminates26
2.4.3Word-medial non-geminates27
2.5Syllable structure29
2.6Accent29
2.7Phonological processes30
2.7.1Assimilation30
2.7.2Palatalization31
2.7.3De-aspiration32
2.7.4Exchange of consonants32
2.7.5Metathesis33
2.7.6Devoicing33
2.7.7Voicing34
2.7.8Diphthongization34
2.7.9Vowel harmony34
2.7.10Vowel raising35
2.7.11Deletion and insertion35
2.7.11.1Gemination and degemination35
2.7.11.2Deletion of an unstressed vowel36
2.7.11.3Deletion of [h]36
2.7.11.4Deletion of word-initial [h]37
2.7.11.5Deletion of final consonant37
2.7.11.6Deletion of [b, d, ḍ, g]37
2.7.11.7Insertion of /y/ and /w/37
2.7.11.8Deletion of the nasal consonant38
2.7.12Vowel to semi-vowel39
2.8Intonation40
2.8.1Rising40
2.8.2Falling41
2.8.3Level41
2.8.4Reversal in use42
2.8.5Drawled42
2.8.6Rise-fall44
2.8.7Fall-rise45
2.8.8Pause45
Chapter 3.Noun and adjective47
3.1Introduction47
3.2Nouns47
3.2.1Gender47
3.2.2Number50
3.2.3Case53
3.2.3.1Nominative case56
3.2.3.2Oblique case56
3.2.3.3Vocative case58
3.3Pronouns59
3.3.1Personal pronouns60
3.3.1.1First person60
3.3.1.2Second person61
3.3.1.3Third person61
3.3.2Reflexive pronouns62
3.3.3Reciprocal pronoun63
3.3.4Demonstrative pronouns65
3.3.5Relative and correlative pronouns65
3.3.6Interrogative pronouns66
3.3.7Indefinite pronouns/quantifiers68
3.4Adjectives69
3.4.1Inflecting and non-inflecting70
3.4.2Adjective types74
3.4.2.1Qualifying adjectives74
3.4.2.2Quantifying adjectives75
3.4.2.3Determining adjectives81
Chapter 4.Verb83
4.1Introduction83
4.2Copula83
4.3Simple verbs84
4.3.1Intransitives84
4.3.2Transitives85
4.3.3Derived transitives/causatives86
4.3.4Dative verbs86
4.3.5Impersonal verbs87
4.4Compound verbs88
4.4.1Quasi-Aspectuals (A)88
4.4.1.1Iteratives89
4.4.1.2Inceptives90
4.4.1.3Terminatives90
4.4.1.4Duratives91
4.4.2Quasi-Aspectuals (B)91
4.4.3Quasi-modals93
4.4.3.1Obligatives94
4.4.3.2Abilitatives94
4.4.3.3Inadvertatives95
4.4.3.4Permissives95
4.4.3.5Desideratives96
4.5Phrasal verbs97
Chapter 5.Tense, aspect and mood101
5.1Introduction101
5.2Time and tense101
5.2.1Infinitive101
5.2.2Non-future103
5.2.2.1Referring to present time103
5.2.2.2Present habitual104
5.2.2.3Referring to past time106
5.2.3Future106
5.2.4Archaic present108
5.3Aspect109
5.3.1Imperfective109
5.3.1.1Present progressive111
5.3.1.2Past progressive (imperfective-perfective)112
5.3.1.3Future progressive114
5.3.2Past relevant to present115
5.3.3Perfective117
5.3.3.1Present perfect117
5.3.3.2Past perfect118
5.3.3.3Future perfect118
5.3.3.4Past habitual119
5.3.4Second perfective (pluperfect)119
5.3.5Prospective121
5.3.6Inceptive124
5.3.7Completive125
5.4Mood127
5.4.1Imperative127
5.4.2Hortative129
5.4.3Desiderative/subjunctive129
5.4.4Permissive131
5.4.5Conditional132
5.5Summary134
Chapter 6.Other parts of speech135
6.1Introduction135
6.2Adverb135
6.2.1Basic adverbs135
6.2.2Derived adverbs136
6.2.2.1Noun based136
6.2.2.2Pronoun based137
6.2.2.3Adjective based137
6.2.2.4Verb based139
6.2.3Semantic classification139
6.2.3.1Temporal adverbs139
6.2.3.2Locative adverbs140
6.2.3.3Manner adverbs141
6.2.3.4Frequentative adverbs142
6.2.3.5Degree adverbs142
6.3Postposition142
6.3.1Place of postpositions143
6.3.2Postposition types143
6.3.3Compound postpositions151
6.4Conjunction151
6.4.1Coordinating conjunctions151
6.4.2Subordinating conjunctions152
6.4.3Adsententials153
6.5Particles154
6.5.1Assertive particles154
6.5.2Intensifiers156
6.6Interjections157
6.6.1Interjections of emotions158
6.6.2Vocative particles159
Chapter 7.Word formation161
7.1Introduction161
7.2Noun formation161
7.2.1Noun prefixation161
7.2.1.1Noun prefixation: Sanskrit162
7.2.1.2Noun prefixation: Perso-Arabic164
7.2.2Noun suffixation164
7.2.2.1Noun suffixation: Sanskrit165
7.2.2.2Noun suffixation: Perso-Arabic166
7.2.2.3Productive noun suffixation167
7.2.2.4Nouns derived mainly from nouns and adjectives171
7.2.2.5Non-productive noun suffixes174
7.3Adjective formation175
7.3.1Adjective prefixation175
7.3.1.1Adjective prefixation: Sanskrit175
7.3.1.2Adjective prefixation: Perso-Arabic178
7.3.1.3Some other adjective prefixes179
7.3.2Adjective suffixation179
7.3.2.1Adjective suffixation: Sanskrit180
7.3.2.2Adjective suffixation: Perso-Arabic184
7.3.2.3Adjective suffixation: Portuguese185
7.3.2.4Konkani-Marathi adjective formations185
7.3.2.5Minor adjective suffixes192
7.4Verb formation193
7.4.1Verb formation processes193
7.4.1.1Nouns used as verbs193
7.4.1.2Adjectives used as verbs194
7.4.2Verb suffixation194
7.4.2.1Productive verb suffixation195
7.4.2.2Non-productive verb suffixes196
7.4.3Causative verbs196
7.5Compounds199
7.5.1Conjoining199
7.5.2Compound nouns199
7.5.2.1Noun + noun compounds200
7.5.2.2Verb + verb compounds204
7.5.2.3Adjective + noun compounds206
7.5.2.4Vocative + interjection noun compounds207
7.5.2.5Postpositional + verb compounds207
7.5.2.6Adverb + noun compounds208
7.5.3Compound adjectives208
7.5.3.1Adjective + adjective compounds208
7.5.3.2Noun + adjective compounds209
7.5.3.3Noun + verb compounds209
7.5.4Compound adverbs210
7.5.4.1Noun + noun compounds210
7.6Reduplication211
7.6.1Phonological reduplication211
7.6.1.1Identical reduplicand211
7.6.1.2Addition of vowel a216
7.6.1.3Addition of vowel o217
7.6.1.4Addition of vowel i or u217
7.6.1.5Replacement or insertion of consonant in the initial position of the reduplicand217
7.6.1.6The use of bi219
7.6.1.7Reverse reduplication220
7.6.2Semantic reduplication220
7.7Intensifiers221
7.7.1Function221
7.7.1.1Adjectives221
7.7.1.2Verbs222
7.8Diminutives223
7.9Gooseberry-type morphemes225
Chapter 8.Subject and agreement227
8.1Introduction227
8.2Agreement pattern227
8.3Split ergative system and agreement resolution228
8.3.1Non-perfective aspect229
8.3.2Perfective aspect230
8.3.3Obligative-desiderative/subjunctive231
8.3.4Pronominals231
8.4Subjects232
8.4.1Nominative and ergative subjects232
8.4.1.1Grammatical properties234
8.4.2Dative subjects236
8.4.2.1Grammatical properties236
8.4.3Passive subjects237
8.4.4Subject hierarchy239
8.5Direct objects239
8.6Indirect objects240
Chapter 9.Simple sentences243
9.1Introduction243
9.2Word order243
9.3Copular sentences244
9.4Declarative sentences247
9.4.1Intransitives247
9.4.2Transitives247
9.4.3Causatives247
9.4.4Impersonal sentences249
9.5Null subject sentences249
9.6Dative sentences249
9.7Passive sentences250
9.8Modal sentences251
9.8.1Imperative sentences251
9.8.2Optative sentences253
9.8.3Compound modal sentences253
9.8.3.1Permissive sentences253
9.8.3.2Obligative sentences254
9.8.3.3Capability/potential sentences254
Chapter 10.Complex sentences257
10.1Introduction257
10.2Complement clauses257
10.2.1Finite complement clauses257
10.2.1.1Grammatical status of complements258
10.2.1.2Complement schema258
10.2.2Small clause complements263
10.2.3Non-finite complement clauses263
10.3Correlative clauses265
10.3.1Adjectival correlatives265
10.3.1.1Full correlatives265
10.3.1.2Gap relatives267
10.3.1.3Free relatives267
10.3.1.4Multiple headed relatives268
10.3.2Appositive correlatives270
10.3.3Non-finite adjectival relative clauses271
10.3.4Adverbial correlative clauses273
10.3.4.1Temporal clauses273
10.3.4.2Manner clauses275
10.3.4.3Locative clauses276
10.3.4.4Equative clauses277
10.3.4.5Conditional clauses277
10.3.4.6Concessive clauses279
10.3.5Conjunctive adverbial clauses280
Chapter 11.Compound sentences283
11.1Introduction283
11.2Conjunctive coordination283
11.2.1Sentence coordination283
11.2.2Constituent coordination285
11.2.3Coordinate agreement285
11.2.4Pronoun coordination288
11.2.5Coordination of verbs, adjectives and adverbs289
11.2.6Deletion of identical elements290
11.2.7Coordination and accompaniment291
11.3Disjunctive structures292
11.3.1Sentence coordination292
11.3.2Constituent coordination293
11.4Adversative coordination294
Chapter 12.Interrogative sentences295
12.1Introduction295
12.2Closed interrogatives296
12.2.1Neutral questions296
12.2.2Alternative questions299
12.2.3Leading Yes-no questions300
12.2.4Rhetorical questions300
12.3Open interrogatives301
12.3.1Questions in simple sentences302
12.4The scope of question-words303
12.4.1Reduplicated question-words304
12.4.2Multiple question words304
12.4.3Question-words in a non-finite clause305
Chapter 13.Negation307
13.1Introduction307
13.2Negation markers307
13.3Scope vs. focus308
13.4Sentential negation309
13.4.1Imperatives311
13.4.2Desiderative/subjunctive312
13.4.3Obligation313
13.4.4Possibility313
13.5Quantifiers and negation314
13.5.1Existential quantifiers314
13.5.2Universal quantifiers315
13.5.3Aggregates316
13.5.4Approximate quantifiers316
13.5.5Negation-dependent idioms316
13.5.6Negative polarity items317
13.6Complex sentences319
13.7Constituent negation320
Chapter 14.Lexical anaphors and pronouns323
14.1Introduction323
14.2Reflexives323
14.2.1apuṇ and swəta323
14.2.2Emphatic reflexives328
14.2.3Voluntary reflexives328
14.2.4Reflexives in pragmatic contexts329
14.3Reciprocals329
14.3.1Mutual reciprocity330
14.3.2Reflexive reciprocity330
14.4Personal pronouns331
14.4.1Personal pronouns with independent reference332
14.4.2Pronouns as logophors334
14.4.3Pronouns in discourse334
Chapter 15.Sample texts337
15.1Written samples337
15.1.1The Holy Bible, Angelus Francis Xavier Maffei (1882)337
15.1.2Newspaper338
15.1.3Advertisements339
15.1.4Narration (Karwar variety)340
15.2Spoken samples341
15.2.1Conversation between a doctor and a patient341
15.2.2Two women in the kitchen342
15.2.3In the market343
References345
Index349
