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Article published In: Language, Plasticity and Learning: Developmental Issues: Langage, Plasticité et Apprentissage : enjeux développementaux
Edited by Michèle Kail and Frédéric Isel
[Language, Interaction and Acquisition 12:1] 2021
► pp. 20–53

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Adaptive functions of neurobehavioral plasticity in language learning and processing

A life span perspective

 | CNRS, UMR Structures formelles du langage
Published online: 27 July 2021
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https://doi.org/10.1075/lia.20016.kai
Abstract
This article presents a large scope of issues on early and late language plasticity that increase our understanding of the neurobehavioral dynamics of change, the main property of the learning brain. In their pioneering work, Bates and Kuhl have convincingly demonstrated that plasticity is intrinsic to development. Bates has provided new data on the impressive recovery of language in children with focal brain injury, highlighting that both hemispheres support the early phases of this change, contrary to previous assumptions. The fundamental reorganization of the early phonemic system around the age of 8 months proposed by Kuhl, combining neural commitment and social abilities, has powerful cascading effects for subsequent word learning. Our developmental crosslinguistic research on online sentence processing in monolinguals and simultaneous bilinguals has revealed distinctive linguistic patterns of “cue cost”, a multifactorial concept relevant for capturing the microplasticity of the processing system. Whatever the language, the shift around the age of 9 towards the canonical adult pattern indicates an efficient adaptive processing occurring with a small delay in bilinguals. Most salient, from childhood, bilinguals exhibit specific cue cost patterns with interactions. In older French adults, cue cost variability is mediated by processing speed which preserves online syntactic abilities but reveals plasticity limits in Alzheimer’s patients.
Résumé
Cette revue présente les enjeux de la plasticité émergente ou tardive qui permettent une meilleure compréhension des dynamiques neuro-comportementales du changement, propriété principale du cerveau qui apprend. Dans leurs travaux pionniers, E. Bates et P. Kuhl ont clairement démontré que la plasticité est intrinsèque du développement. Bates a révélé l’impressionnante récupération langagière d’enfants ayant une lésion focale périnatale du cerveau et souligné la contribution des deux hémisphères dans ce changement, contrairement aux affirmations antérieures. Kuhl a montré comment la réorganisation du puissant système d’apprentissage phonémique au cours de la première année combinant des capacités neuro-​computationnelles et sociales a des effets en cascade sur l’apprentissage lexical ultérieur. Nos travaux développementaux et interlangues sur le traitement en temps réel des phrases chez les monolingues et les bilingues simultanés ont mis en évidence la variabilité des patrons du « cue cost », concept multifactoriel pertinent pour analyser la microplasticité du système de traitement. Quelle que soit la langue, le changement en direction du patron de l’adulte autour de 9 ans, révèle un traitement adaptatif efficace qui intervient un peu plus tard chez les bilingues. Fait marquant, depuis l’enfance, les bilingues présentent des patrons spécifiques du cue cost. Chez les sujets français âgés, la variabilité du cue cost est médiatisée par la vitesse du traitement qui préserve les capacités syntaxiques mais révèle les limites de la plasticité chez les patients Alzheimer.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Some issues in early plasticity
    • 2.1The impressive recovery of language in children with perinatal focal brain injury
    • 2.2The cognitive domain and differential functional plasticity: ‘Gradients of plasticity’
  • 3.The infant born to learn
    • 3.1Organization and reorganization of the perceptual system
    • 3.2Early speech learning plasticity: The intrinsic link between ‘native neural commitment’ and ‘social gating’
  • 4.Some research on microplasticity: Online sentence processing in a crosslinguistic perspective
    • 4.1Language processing and the Competition Model
    • 4.2Hierarchy of cue cost factors: Dynamics of developmental shifts in monolinguals
    • 4.3Simultaneous bilinguals: Specific developmental patterns of cue cost and adaptive shifts
  • 5.Late neurobehavioral adaptive plasticity: Language and the aging brain
    • 5.1Mechanisms of successful cognitive aging: Compensation, selection, maintenance
    • 5.2Microplasticity in the elderly: Sentence processing as an adaptive process
    • 5.3Towards the limits of plasticity: Preliminary results on French Alzheimer’s patients
  • 6.Concluding remarks
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
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