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Article published In: Language, Plasticity and Learning: Developmental Issues: Langage, Plasticité et Apprentissage : enjeux développementaux
Edited by Michèle Kail and Frédéric Isel
[Language, Interaction and Acquisition 12:1] 2021
► pp. 110–132

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Language attrition: A matter of brain plasticity?

Some preliminary thoughts

 | Octogone-Lordat, University of Toulouse 2
Published online: 27 July 2021
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https://doi.org/10.1075/lia.20015.kop
Abstract
While it has long been assumed that brain plasticity declines significantly with growing maturity, recent studies in adult subjects show grey and white matter changes due to language learning that suggest high adaptability of brain structures even within short time-scales. It is not known yet whether other language development phenomena, such as attrition, may also be linked to structural changes in the brain. In behavioral and neurocognitive research on language attrition and crosslinguistic influence, findings suggest high plasticity as language interaction patterns of bilingual speakers change constantly and from early stages of language acquisition onwards. In this paper we will speculate on possible links between brain plasticity and L1 attrition in adult bilinguals, with particular attention to a number of factors that are put forward in memory frameworks in order to explain forgetting: time elapsed, frequency of L1 use, and interference from L2. In order to better understand the time-scales involved in the plastic changes during bilingual development, we then discuss some recent studies of re-exposure to L1 in formerly attrited immigrants, and their implications with respect to brain plasticity.
Résumé
Longtemps on a pensé que la plasticité cérébrale décline avec la maturité grandissante, alors que des études récentes montrent des modifications de la matière grise et de la matière blanche au cours de l’apprentissage d’une langue suggérant que le cerveau adulte conserve une grande adaptabilité même sur des périodes courtes. On ne sait pas encore si d’autres phénomènes développementaux du langage, comme l’attrition, peuvent également entraîner des changements structuraux au niveau cérébral. Des études comportementales et neurocognitives sur l’attrition et l’influence translinguistique montrent que les langues d’un bilingue interagissent dès les premiers stades de l’acquisition d’une L2, ce qui suggère une forte plasticité cérébrale. Dans cet article nous proposons une réflexion sur les liens possibles entre plasticité cérébrale et attrition d’une L1 chez l’adulte avec focus sur des facteurs à la base d’hypothèses développées pour expliquer l’oubli : le temps qui passe, la fréquence d’utilisation de la L1, l’interférence de la L2. Afin de mieux comprendre la temporalité des changements dans le développement bilingue, nous discuterons quelques études de la ré-exposition à la L1 d’immigrants sujets à l’attrition de cette langue et de leurs implications par rapport à la plasticité cérébrale.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Brain plasticity and language
  • 3.Time in L1 attrition, crosslinguistic influence and dominance
  • 4.Re-exposure to a formerly attrited L1
  • 5.General discussion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Note
  • References
References (96)
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