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Article published In: Language, Interaction and Acquisition
Vol. 15:2 (2024) ► pp.243–277

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A multi-dimensional analysis of backchannels in L1 German, L1 Italian and L2 German

 | University of Cologne
 | University of Cologne
 | University of Cologne
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Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

Open Access publication of this article was funded through a Transformative Agreement with University of Cologne.

Published online: 20 March 2025
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https://doi.org/10.1075/lia.00026.sbr
Abstract
Previous research has found that vocal feedback, referred to as backchannels, has positive effects on social interaction, especially by indicating listener engagement. For second language (L2) learners, however, backchannels can be challenging, because their use is bound by cultural and language-specific conventions. This study focuses on backchannels as used in dyadic task-oriented dialogue of native speakers of German and native speakers of Italian, the latter both in their native (L1) Italian and in their L2 German, at two proficiency levels. We provide an in-depth multidimensional analysis of backchannel rate, duration, intonation, lexical form, and turn-taking function. We found that dyad-specific behaviour generally outweighs effects of proficiency. Despite considerable variability across dyads, learners tended to reproduce behaviour from their L1 in their L2 in the form of a complex mapping between intonation, lexical form and turn-taking function.
Résumé
Selon des études antérieures, le feedback vocal ou backchannel indique l’engagement de l’auditeur dans la conversation et de ce fait, bénéficie à l’interaction sociale. Pour les apprenants d’une langue seconde (L2), l’utilisation du backchannel, liée à des conventions culturelles et linguistiques spécifiques, peut toutefois représenter un défi. Cette étude se focalise sur le backchannel utilisé dans les dialogues au sein de dyades de locuteurs natifs de l’italien ou de l’allemand (L1) d’une part, et des dyades italien L1 et allemand L2 d’autre part, permettant d’analyser deux niveaux de compétence linguistique. Nous avons effectué une analyse multidimensionelle de la fréquence du backchannel, de sa durée, de l’intonation employée, de sa forme lexicale et de sa fonction dans la prise de parole. Les résultats montrent que les dynamiques spécifiques à chaque dyade prévalent généralement sur la compétence linguistique. En dépit d’une variabilité considérable entre les dyades, les apprenants tendent à refléter les schémas comportementaux de leur L1 dans leur L2, se traduisant par une correspondance complexe entre l’intonation, la forme lexicale et la fonction dans la prise de parole.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Background
    • 2.1Backchannels in intercultural and L2 communication
  • 3.Method
    • 3.1Participants
    • 3.2Task
    • 3.3Data
    • 3.4Data treatment and coding
  • 4.Results
    • 4.1BC rate
    • 4.2BC length
    • 4.3BC structure
    • 4.4BC type
      • 4.4.1BC type by function
      • 4.4.2Other VSU types by function
    • 4.5BC intonation
      • 4.5.1Intonation of other VSUs
  • 5.Discussion and conclusions
    • 5.1Discussion
    • 5.2Implications of the study
    • 5.3Limitations of the study
  • CRediT authorship contribution statement
  • Notes
  • References
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