Article published In: La phraséologie dans les interactions orales et écrites
Edited by Gaétane Dostie and Agnès Tutin
[Lingvisticæ Investigationes 45:2] 2022
► pp. 276–295
The (inter)subjectification of bottom line phrases
Published online: 11 April 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/li.00077.pin
https://doi.org/10.1075/li.00077.pin
Abstract
Bottom line occurs in several phrases, including the [(the) N is] construction. Its constructionalization is more advanced than that of other nouns: it can now be used as a true discourse marker, in the left or in the right periphery. The data confirm the influence of position on pragmatic function. Cataphoric bottom line mainly fulfills discursive functions (summation, contradiction, sub-topic shift or topic-resumption), while anaphoric bottom line is an intersubjective expression that signals turn and topic closure and aims at pre-empting potential disalignment. However, the cataphoric discourse marker is also undergoing incipient intersubjectification. This is due to the deletion of the copula, which allows bottom line to have scope over the interlocutor’s discourse rather than simply over its host sentence.
Article outline
- Introduction
- 1.Bottom line phrases
- 1.1Constructionalization of [(the) N is]
- 1.2Specificities of the bottom line construction: from the left to the right periphery
- 1.3Distribution of bottom line phrases in the corpus
- 2.Cataphoric bottom line phrases
- 2.1A marker of speaker stance
- 2.2Left collocates of cataphoric bottom line and discursive functions
- 2.2.1Summation
- 2.2.2Contradiction
- 2.2.3(Sub)-topic shift and topic resumption
- 2.2.4Hesitation
- 2.3Cataphoric bottom line as a DM
- 2.4Conclusion on cataphoric bottom line phrases
- 3.Anaphoric bottom line phrases
- 3.1Turn or topic closure
- 3.2Forced alignment
- 3.3RP bottom line in all sections of COCA
- 4.Conclusion
- Notes
References
References (50)
Aijmer, K. 2007. The interface between discourse and grammar: the fact is that. In A. Celle & R. Huart (Eds.), Connectives as discourse landmarks, 31–46. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Altenberg, B. 1998. On the phraseology of spoken English: The evidence of recurrent word-combinations. In Anthony. P. Cowie (Ed.), Phraseology: Theory, analysis and applications, 101–122. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Beeching, K. & Detges, U. 2014. Introduction. In K. Beeching & U. Detges (Eds.). Discourse functions at the left and right periphery: Crosslinguistic investigations of language use and language change, 1–23. Leiden: Brill.
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S. & Finegan, E. 1999. Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Brinton, L. 1996. Pragmatic markers in English: Grammaticalization and discourse functions. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
2008. The Comment clause in English: Syntactic origins and pragmatic developments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Curzan, A. 2012. Revisiting the reduplicative copula with corpus-based evidence. In T. Nevalainen & E. C. Traugott (Eds). The Oxford handbook of the history of English, 211–221. Oxford: Oxford Uinversity Press.
Davies, M. 2008–. The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA): One Billion Words, 1990–2019. Available online at [URL]
2010–. The Corpus of Historical American English (COHA): 400+ million words, 1810–2009. Available online at [URL]
Degand, L. & Fagard, B. 2011. Alors between discourse and grammar: The role of syntactic position. Functions of Language, 18 (1), 29–56.
Delahunty, G. 2011. Contextually determined fixity and flexibility in thing sentence matrixes.’ Yearbook of Phraseology, 21, 109–136.
Du Bois, J. W. 2002. Stance and consequence. Paper presented at Annual meetings of the American anthropological association, New Orleans, LA, November 20–24.
Goldberg, A. 1995. Constructions: A construction grammar approach to argument structure. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press.
Haselow, A. 2015. Left vs. right periphery in grammaticalization: the case of anyway. In A. D. M. Smith, G. Trousdale & R. Waltereit (Eds.), New directions in grammaticalization research, Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Heritage, J. 2015. Well-prefaced turns in English conversation: A conversation analytic perspective. Journal of Pragmatics, 881, 88–104.
Hilpert, M. 2013. Constructional change in English: Developments in allomorphy, word formation, and syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hopper, P. & Thompson, S. A. 2008. Projectability and clause combining in interaction. In L. Ritva (Ed.). Crosslinguistic studies of clause combining: The multifunctionality of conjunctions, 99–123. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Hundt, M. 2022a. Constructional variation and change in N-is focaliser constructions. In L. Sommerer & E. Keizer (Eds.). English noun phrases from a functional-cognitive perspective: Current issues, 206–233. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
2022b. N-is Focalizers as semi-fixed constructions: modeling variation across World Englishes, Journal of English Linguistics, 115–141.
Keizer, E. 2013. The X Is (Is) Construction. In J. L. Mackenzie & H. Olbertz (Eds.). Casebook in functional discourse grammar, 213–48. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
2016. The (the) Fact is (that) Construction in English and Dutch. In G. Kaltenböck, E. Keizer & A. Lohmann (Eds.). Outside the clause: Form and function of extra-clausal constituents, 59–96. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Lenker, U. 2010. Argument and rhetoric: adverbial connectors in the history of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Mantlik, A. & Schmid, H.-J. 2018. That-complementiser omission in N + be + that-clauses. In A. Ho-Cheong Leung & W. van der Wurff (Eds.). The noun phrase in English: Past and present, 187–222. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Mautner, G. 2010. Language and the market society: Critical reflections on discourse and dominance. London: Routledge.
Miller, J. & Weinert, R. 1998. Spontaneous spoken language: Syntax and discourse. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Mulder, J. & Thompson, S. A. 2008. The grammaticization of but as a final particle in English conversation. In L. Ritva (Ed.). Crosslinguistic studies of clause combining: The multifunctionality of conjunctions, 179–204. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
The Oxford English dictionary. Online edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pinson, M. forthcoming. From the financial to the metatextual: the emergence of discursive bottom line. In C. Petraş (Ed.) Metalinguistic Markers: Emergence, Discourse, Variation.
Ross-Hagebaum, S. 2005. The that’s X is Y construction as an information-structure amalgam. Berkeley Linguistics Society, 301, 403–414.
Schmid, H.-J. 2000. English abstract nouns as conceptual shells. From corpus to cognition. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
2001. Presupposition can be a bluff: How abstract nouns can be used as presupposition triggers. Journal of Pragmatics, 331, 1529–1552.
2020. How the entrenchment-and-conventionalization model might enrich diachronic construction grammar: The case of (the) thing is (that). In T. Colleman, F. Brisard, A. De Wit, R. Enghels, N. Koutsoukos, T. Mortelmans & M. S. Sansiñena. The wealth and breadth of construction-based research, 306–319. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Shibasaki, R. 2014a. On the development of the point is and related issues in the history of American English. English Linguistics, 31 (1), 79–113.
2014b. On the grammaticalization of the thing is and related issues in the history of American English. In M. Adams, R. D. Fulk & L. Brinton (Eds.). Studies in the history of English language VI1, 99–121. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
2018. Sequentiality and the emergence of new constructions: That’s the bottom line is (that) in American English. In H. Cuyckens, H. de Smet, L. Heyvaert & C. Maekelberghe (Eds.). Explorations in English historical syntax, 283–306. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Traugott, E. 2010. (Inter)subjectivity and (inter)subjectification: A reassessment. In K. Davidse, L. Vandelanotte, & H. Cuyckens (Eds.), Subjectification, intersubjectification and grammaticalization, 29–71. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
2014. On the function of the epistemic adverbs surely and no doubt at the left and right peripheries of the clause. In K. Beeching & U. Detges (Eds.). Discourse functions at the left and right periphery: Crosslinguistic investigations of language use and language change, 72–91. Leiden: Brill.
2018. Rethinking the role of invited inferencing in change from the perspective of interactional texts. Open Linguistics, 4 (1).
2022. Discourse structuring markers in English: a historical constructionist perspective on pragmatics. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Traugott, E. & Dasher, R. 2002. Regularity in semantic change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Traugott, E. & Trousdale, G. 2013. Constructionalization and constructional changes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Hamann, Magnus, Sam N. Thrower, Elizabeth Stokoe & Chris G. Harwood
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 25 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
