In:The Ziggurat of Grammar: In honor of Ur Shlonsky
Edited by Lena Baunaz, Giuliano Bocci and Andrew Nevins
[Language Faculty and Beyond 20] 2025
► pp. 224–250
Get fulltext
Chapter 12Null subjects in Greek
Issues on structure and interpretation
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0 license.
For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.
Published online: 13 November 2025
https://doi.org/10.1075/lfab.20.12spy
https://doi.org/10.1075/lfab.20.12spy
Abstract
I this paper, a typology of antecedentless null subjects in Greek is presented and discussed. It
is shown that Greek exhibits an array of such antecedentless null subjects ranging from non-thematic expletive ones to
thematic non-definite ones which receive generic/universal and existential interpretation. It is argued that null
subjects are the null nominative forms of the weak pronoun and as such they involve a DP layer above a φP, the
specification of which contributes to its reference. Non-definite readings arise, when the D head is not specified as
definite, and the relevant interpretation depends on whether and how this head acquires or licenses its content.
Keywords: null-subject, pro, non-definite, existential, generic, universal, pleonastic, expletive, weak pronoun, Greek
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Pleonastic null subjects
- 3.Non-definite null subjects
- 4.Null subjects as null pronouns
- 5.Feature composition and interpretation
- 6.Conclusion
Acknowledgements Notes The following abbreviations are used in the glosses References
References (50)
Alexiadou, Artemis & Elena Anagnostopoulou. 1998. Parametrizing
AGR: Word order, V-movement and EPP checking. Natural Language and Linguistic
Theory 16: 491–539.
Barbosa, Pilar. 2019. pro
as a minimal nP: Toward a unified approach to pro-drop. Linguistic
Inquiry 50: 487–526.
Borer, Hagit. 1989. Anaphoric
AGR. In Osvaldo Jaeggli & Kenneth Safir (eds.), The
null subject
parameter, 69–109. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Cabredo Hofherr, Patricia. 2003. Arbitrary
readings of 3PL pronominals. In Matthias Weisgerber (ed.), Proceedings
of Sinn und Bedeutung 7, Arbeitspapiere Nr.
114 des Fachbereichs
Sprachwissenschaft, 81–94. Konstanz: Universität Konstanz.
. 2006. ‘‘Arbitrary’’
pro and the theory of
pro-drop. In Peter Ackema, Patrick Brandt, Maaike Schoorlemmer & Fred Weerman (eds.), Arguments
and
agreement, 230–260. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cardinaletti, Anna. 1997. Agreement
and control in expletive constructions. Linguistic
Inquiry 28. 521–533.
Catsimali, Georgia. 1990. Case
in Modern Greek: Implications for clause structure. PhD
dissertation. University of Reading.
Dimitriadis, Alexis. 1994. Clitics
and island-insensitive object drop. Studies in the Linguistic
Sciences 24. 153–170.
Egerland, Verner. 2003. Impersonal
pronouns in Scandinavian and Romance. Working Papers in Scandinavian
Syntax 71. 75–102.
Giannakidou, Anastasia & Jason Merchant. 1997. On
the interpretation of null indefinite objects in Greek. Studies in Greek
Linguistics 17. 141–155.
Heim, Irene. 1982. The
semantics of definite and indefinite noun phrases. PhD
dissertation. University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Hernanz, Ma. Lluïsa. 1990. En torno a
los sujetos arbitrarios: La 2a persona del
singular. in Violeta Demonte & Meatriz Garza Cuarón (eds), Estudios
de lingüística de España y
México, 151–179. El Colegio de Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Holmberg, Anders. 2005. Is
there a little pro? Evidence from Finnish. Linguistic
Inquiry 36. 533–564.
. 2010a. Null
subject parameters. In Theresa Biberauer, Anders Holmberg, Ian Roberts & Michelle Sheehan (eds.), Parametric
variation: Null subjects in minimalist
theory, 88–124. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 2010b. The
null generic subject pronoun in Finnish: A case of
incorporation. In Theresa Biberauer, Anders Holmberg, Ian Roberts & Michelle Sheehan (eds.), Parametric
variation: Null subjects in minimalist
theory, 200–230. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Horrocks, Geoffrey. 1994. Subjects
and configurationality: Modern Greek clause structure. Journal of
Linguistics 30. 81–109.
Jaeggli, Osvaldo. 1986. Arbitrary
plural pronominals. Natural Language and Linguistic
Theory 4. 43–76.
Kampanarou, Anna. 2024. Relating
BE and HAVE via transitivity: Evidence from Greek. Glossa: A Journal of General
Linguistics 9(1).
Mavrogiorgos, Marios. 2010. Clitics
in Greek: A minimalist account of proclisis and
enclisis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Otero, Carlos. 1986. Arbitrary
subjects in finite clauses. In Ivonne Bordelois, Heles Contreras & Karen Zagona (eds.), Generative
studies in Spanish
syntax, 81–110. Dordrecht: Foris.
Paparounas, Lefteris & Ioanna Sitaridou. 2018. Indefinite
object drop in Modern Greek: Towards a minimalist typology in null
objects. SinFonIJA 11. 1–17.
Philippaki-Warburton, Irene. 1987. The
theory of empty categories and the pro-drop parameter in Modern Greek. Journal
of
Linguistics 23. 289–318.
Revithiadou, Anthi & Vassilios Spyropoulos. 2009. A
dynamic approach to the syntax-phonology interface: A case study of
Greek. In Kleanthes K. Grohmann (ed.), Interphases:
Phase-theoretic Investigations of Linguistic
Interfaces, 202–233. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
. 2020. Cliticization
patterns in Greek: A comparative examination with crosslinguistic
remarks. In Michalis Georgiafentis, Giannoula Giannoulopoulou, Maria Koliopoulou & Angeliki Tsokoglou (eds.), Contrastive
Studies in Morphology and
Syntax, 225–245. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Ritter, Elizabeth & Martina Wiltschko. 2019. Nominal
speech act structure: Evidence from the structural deficiency of impersonal
pronouns. Canadian Journal of
Linguistics 64. 709–729.
Roberts, Ian. 2010a. Agreement
and Head Movement: Clitics, Incorporation and Defective Goals. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
. 2010b. A
deletion analysis of null subjects. In Theresa Biberauer, Anders Holmberg, Ian Roberts & Michelle Sheehan (eds.), Parametric
Variation: Null Subjects in Minimalist
Theory, 58–87. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roussou, Anna. 1991. Nominalized
clauses in the syntax of Modern Greek. UCL Working Papers in
Linguistics 3. 77–100.
. 2000. On
the left periphery: Modal particles and complementizers. Journal of Greek
Linguistics 1. 65–94.
Shlonsky, Ur. 1997. Clause
Structure and Word Order in Hebrew and Arabic: An Essay in Comparative Semitic
Syntax. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Spyropoulos, Vassilios. 1999. Agreement
Relations in Greek. PhD
dissertation, University of Reading.
. 2007. Some
remarks on conjunction and agreement in Greek: Implications for the theory of
agreement. In Proceedings of the 7th International
Conference of Greek Linguistics. Available at: [URL]
. 2024. Empty
categories. In Georgios K. Giannakis, Brian D. Joseph, Mark Janse, Theodore Markopoulos & Panagiotis Filos (eds.), Encyclopedia
of Greek Language and
Linguistics. Leiden: Brill.
Spyropoulos, Vassilios & Irene Philippaki-Warburton. 2001. ‘Subject’
and EPP in Greek: The discontinuous subject hypothesis. Journal of Greek
Linguistics 2. 149–186.
Spyropoulos, Vassilios & Anthi Revithiadou. 2009. Subject
chains in Greek and PF processing. In Claire Halpert, Jeremy Hartman & David Hill (eds.), MIT
Working Papers in Linguistics 57: Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop in Greek Syntax and Semantics at
MIT, 293–309. Cambridge, MA: MIT Working Papers in Linguistics.
Tóth, Ildikó. 2000. Inflected
Infinitives in Hungarian. PhD
dissertation, Katholieke Universiteit Brabant, Tilburg.
