Cover not available

Article published In: Language, Culture and Society
Vol. 5:1 (2023) ► pp.121–155

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
EPUB logo with download linkDownload EPUB
authorization required

Lived experiences of coloniality in third space

From colonial to contemporary lusophone migration into Luxembourg

 | University of Luxembourg
 | University of Luxembourg
Published online: 27 July 2023
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/lcs.00038.tav
Abstract
This paper discusses the interactions of the so-called lusophone migrants in ‘third space’ (Bhabha, H. (1994). The location of culture. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar) i.e., outside the Portuguese geographical colonial matrix. Part of a larger project interested in studying whether new solidarities or old hierarchies replay when all lusophones meet and struggle in a new context, the paper examines traces of what (2005). The Idea of Latin America. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar has termed of ‘coloniality of being’ i.e., everyday remnants of colonial modes and hierarchies. It draws from postcolonial theory and sociolinguistic ethnography to examine how coloniality perdures in intersubjective relations among lusophones, by exploring the narrative of two Cape Verdean retirees who (re)migrated to Luxembourg in 1971 and 1981. The paper uses narrative analysis to examine how they report coloniality in lusophone interactions being challenged or perpetuated at workplaces and social encounters, via stereotyping jokes, naming, and language use. It fosters a critical understanding of lusophone subjects’ interactions, marked by language and their colonial history, beyond Portuguese-speaking states.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Lusophone migration into Luxembourg: Colonialism, race and citizenship
    • 2.1The term “lusophone”
    • 2.2Lusophone migration into Luxembourg
    • 2.3A presence rooted at the colonial intersection of race and citizenship
  • 3.Coloniality, race and language in a third space
  • 4.Methodology, participants and data
    • 4.1Data collection
    • 4.2Meet(ing) the research participants
    • 4.3Data analysis
  • 5.Narratives of lived experiences of coloniality in Luxembourg
    • 5.1Perpetuating the coloniality of being
      • 5.1.1Stereotyping and bad language
      • 5.1.2Joking about dressing modes
      • 5.1.3Contesting language choice
      • 5.1.4Invisibilizing at workplace
    • 5.2Challenging the coloniality of being
      • 5.2.1Imposing respect and speaking back
      • 5.2.2Using the language of authority
  • 6.Concluding discussion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
References (108)
References
Abadia, L., Cabecinhas, R., Macedo, I., & Cunha, L. (2018). Interwoven migration narratives: identity and social representations in the Lusophone world. Identities, 25(3), 339–357. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Agar, M. (1995). Ethnography. In J. Verschueren, J-O. Östman & J. Blommaert (Eds.) Handbook of Pragmatics: Manual (pp. 583–590). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Åkesson, L. (2016). Moving beyond the Colonial?. New Portuguese Migrants in Angola. Cahiers d’études africaines, (221–222), 267–286. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2018). Postcolonial Portuguese migration to Angola: Migrants or masters?. Springer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2021). European migration to Africa and the coloniality of knowledge: the Portuguese in Maputo. Third World Quarterly, 42(5), 922–938. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Åkesson, L., Hellman, A., Raimundo, I. M., & Matsinhe, C. (2022). Civilising the Ex-Colonisers? Counter-Hegemonic Discourses at Workplaces in Maputo. Journal of Southern African Studies, 48(3), 473–488. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Andrade, E. S. (1996). Les îles du Cap-Vert de la ‘découverte’ à l’indépendance nationale (1460–1975). Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Aragão, S. (2013). Luso-London: Identity, Citizenship, and Belonging in ‘Post-National’ Europe. Student Research Reports. Paper 10. University of Massachusetts.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Arenas, F. (2005). (Post) colonialism, Globalization, and Lusofonia or the ‘Time-Space’ of the Portuguese-Speaking World. UC Berkeley: Institute of European Studies. Retrieved from [URL]Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2015). Migrations and the rise of African Lisbon: Time-space of Portuguese (post) coloniality. Postcolonial Studies, 18(4), 353–366. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ascher, F. (2010). Les Rabelados du Cap-Vert: l’histoire d’une révolte. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bamberg, M., A. De Fina, & D. Schiffrin, (Eds.). (2007). Selves and Identities in Narrative and Discourse. Amsterdam, NLD: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bamberg, M. & Georgakopoulou, A. (2008). Small stories as a new perspective in narrative and identity analysis. Text and Talk 28(3): 377–396. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Batalha, L., & Carling, J. (2008). Transnational Archipelago: Perspectives on Cape Verdean Migration and Diaspora. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bhabha, H. (1994). The location of culture. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Blommaert, J., & Jie, D. (2010). Ethnographic fieldwork: A beginner’s guide. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bock, Z. (2017). Why Can’t Race Just Be a Normal Thing?. Entangled Discourses in the Narratives of Young South Africans. in Caroline Kerfoot & Kenneth Hyltenstam (Eds.), Entangled Discourses: South-North Orders of Visibility (pp. 59–76). New York: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. (1986). Habitus, code et codification. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, 64(1), 40–44. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1991). Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Havard University PressGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1977). The economics of linguistic exchanges. Social science information, 16(6), 645–668. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Brockmeier, J. & D. Carbaugh, (Eds.). (2001). Narrative and Identity: Studies in Autobiography, Self and Culture. Vol. 11 of Studies in Narrativity. Palo Alto, CA: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bryant, J. M. (2006). The West and the rest revisited: Debating capitalist origins, European colonialism, and the advent of modernity. Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers canadiens de sociologie, 403–444.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cabecinhas, R., & Feijó, J. (2010). Collective memories of Portuguese colonial action in Africa: Representations of the colonial past among Mozambicans and Portuguese youths. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 4(1), 28–44Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cahen, M. (2012). ‘Portugal Is in the Sky’: Conceptual Considerations on Communities, Lusitanity, and Lusophony. In E. Morier-Genoud & M. Cahen (Eds.), Imperial migrations (pp. 297–315). London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carling, J., & Åkesson, L. (2009). Mobility at the heart of a nation: patterns and meanings of Cape Verdean migration. International Migration, 47(3), 123–155. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carreira, A. (1982). The People of the Cape Verde Islands: Exploitation and Emigration. Hamden, CT: Archon Books.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chambers, I. (1996). Signs of silence, lines of listening. In Chambers, I., & Curti, L. (Eds.), The Post-colonial Question: Common Skies, Divided Horizons (pp. 47–64). New York: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chambers, I., & Curti, L. (Eds.). (1996). The Post-colonial Question: Common Skies, Divided Horizons. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chun, E. W. (2004). Ideologies of legitimate mockery: Margaret Cho’s revoicings of Mock Asian. Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association 14(2–3), 263–289.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Curington, C. V. (2020). “WE SPEAK BACK!”: Challenging Belonging and Anti-Blackness in Portugal. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 17(2), 337–362. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Decamps, P. & X. Monthéard. (2020, January 2). Le Laboratoire Luxembourgeois : Comment s’invente une langue. Le Monde Diplomatique N° 790. Retrieved from [URL]
Del Valle, J. (2011). Transnational languages: beyond nation and empire? An introduction. Sociolinguistic Studies, 5(3), 387–397. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
De Matos, P. F. (2013). The Colours of the Empire: Racialized Representations during Portuguese Colonialism. Oxford: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Drotbohm, H. (2009). Horizons of long-distance intimacies: reciprocity, contribution and disjuncture in Cape Verde. The History of the Family, 14(2), 132–149. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Duchêne, A., M. Moyer & C. Roberts (Eds.). (2013). Language, migration and social inequalities: A critical sociolinguistic perspective on institutions and work. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Essed, P. (1991). Understanding everyday racism: an interdisciplinary theory. London: Sage. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fay, S., & Haydon, L. (2017). An Analysis of Homi K. Bhabha’s The Location of Culture. London: Macat Library.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Feldman-Bianco, B. (2001). Brazilians in Portugal, Portuguese in Brazil: constructions of sameness and difference. Identities Global Studies in Culture and Power, 8(4), 607–650. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fikes, K. D. (2009). Managing African Portugal: The Citizen-Migrant Distinction. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
FRA. (2018). Second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey: Being Black in EU. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved from [URL]
Gal, S., & Irvine, J. T. (1995). The boundaries of languages and disciplines: How ideologies construct difference. Social research, 967–1001.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Glasgow, J. (2009). “Racism as Disrespect,” Ethics, vol. 1201, pp. 64–93. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goldstein, T. (1997). Two languages at work. Berlin. De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gramsci, A. (1932/1996). Prison notebooks vol 21. Trans. J. A. Buttigieg. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hall, S. (1996). When was ‘The postcolonial’? Thinking at the Limit. In Chambers, I. & Curti, L. (Eds.), The Postcolonial Question: Common Skies, Divided Horizons (pp. 242–260). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heller, M., & McElhinny, B. (2017). Language, capitalism, colonialism: Toward a critical history. University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Holm, J. A. (1988). Pidgins and creoles: Volume 2, reference survey (Vol. 21). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ikas, K., & Wagner, G. (Eds.). (2008). Communicating in the Third Space (Vol. 181). New York: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jack, G. (2015). Postcolonial theory: speaking back to empire. In Mir, R., H. Willmott & M. Greenwood (Eds.), The Routledge Companion to Philosophy in Organization Studies (pp. 183–202). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jacobs, A., A. Manço & F. Mertz. (2017). Diaspora capverdienne au Luxembourg: Panorama socio-economique, r les dans les mouvements migratoires et solidarit  avec le pays d’origine (RED 21). Luxembourg: CEFIS [Centre d’étude et de formation interculturelles et sociales].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kwek, D. (2003). Decolonizing and Re-Presenting Culture’s Consequences: A Postcolonial Critique of Cross-Cultural Studies in Management1. In A. Prasad (Ed.), Postcolonial Theory and Organizational Analysis: A Critical Engagement (pp. 121–146). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Laplanche, C., & M. Vanderkam. (1991). Di nos… : nous, des Capverdiens au Luxembourg… Luxembourg: Centre National de L’Audiovisuel.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lodigiani, I. (2020). From colonialism to globalization: how history has shaped unequal power relations between post-colonial countries. Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and innovation 21, 1–21.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Loomba, A. (1998). Colonialism/postcolonialism. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lubkeman, S. (2003). Race, Class, and Kin in the Negotiation of “Internal Strangerhood” among Portuguese Retornados, 1975–2000. In A. L. Smith (Ed.), Europe’s Invisible Migrants (pp. 75–93) Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Maldonado-Torres, N. (2007). “On the Coloniality of Being.” Cultural Studies 21 (2–3): 240–270. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Marques, J. C. (2019). Entrepreneurship Among Portuguese Nationals in Luxembourg. In C. Pereira and J. Azevedo (Eds.), New and old routes of Portuguese emigration: Uncertain futures at the periphery of Europe (pp. 171–189). Springer: Springer International Publishing. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mbodj-Pouye, A. (2016). Fixed abodes: Urban emplacement, bureaucratic requirements, and the politics of belonging among West African migrants in Paris. American Ethnologist, 43(2), 295–310. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Meintel, D. (1984). Race, Culture and Portuguese Colonialism in Cabo Verde. Syracuse: Syracuse University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2002). Cape Verdean transnationalism, old and new. Anthropologica, 44(1), 25–42. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Meissner, F., & Heil, T. (2021). Deromanticising integration: On the importance of convivial disintegration. Migration Studies, 9(3), 740–758. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mignolo, W. (2003). The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality, and Colonization. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2005). The Idea of Latin America. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Moes, R. (2012).   Cette colonie qui nous appartient un peu. La communauté luxembourgeoise au Congo Belge, 1883 – 1960, p. 438. Luxembourg: Fondation Robert Krieps. Éditions l’Letzeburger Land.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2022). Le passé colonial du Luxembourg et l’aide au développement, Forum n° 4231, 25–28.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Morier-Genoud, E., & Cahen, M. (Eds.). (2012). Imperial migrations: Colonial communities and diaspora in the Portuguese world. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ndiaye, P. (2008). La Condition noire. Essai sur une minorité française. Paris: Calmann-Lévy.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nkomo, S. M. (1992). ‘The Emperor has No Clothes—Rewriting Race in Organizations’, Academy of Management Review 17(3), 487–513.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Osha, S. (2011). Appraising Africa: Modernity, decolonisation and globalisation. Philosophy and African development: Theory and practice, 169–176. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Özkazanc-Pan, B. (2012). “Postcolonial Feminist Research: Challenges and Complexities.” Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: International Journal 31(5), 573–91. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pardue, D. (2016). Creole chronotopes: the convergences of time and place in becoming black. Identities, 25(4), 417–435. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Patiño-Santos, A. (2014). On Being Colombian in La Sagrada Familia Neighborhood. In R. Márquez Reiter & L. Martin Rojo (Eds.), A Sociolinguistics of Diaspora: Latino Practices, Identities and Ideologies (pp. 112–131). London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pereira, S. (2012). Immigrant workers’ (im)mobilities and their re-migration strategies. Employee Relations, 34(6), 642–657. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2013). Replacement Migration and Changing Preferences: Immigrant Workers in Cleaning and Domestic Service in Portugal, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39:7, 1141–1158. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pérez, R. (2017). Racism without hatred? Racist humor and the myth of “colorblindness”. Sociological Perspectives, 60(5), 956–974. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Piller, I. (2016). Linguistic diversity and social justice: An introduction to applied sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Prasad, A. (2003). Postcolonial Theory and Organizational Analysis: A Critical Engagement. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pratt, M. L. (1991). Arts of the contact zone. Profession, 33–40.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Purtschert, P., & Fischer-Tin, H. (2015). Introduction: The End of Innocence: Debating Colonialism in Switzerland. In Purtschert, P. & H. Fischer-Tin (Eds.), Colonial Switzerland: Rethinking Switzerland from the Margins, (pp. 1–26). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Purtschert, P., Falk, F., & Lüthi, B. (2016). Switzerland and ‘Colonialism without Colonies’ Reflections on the Status of Colonial Outsiders. Interventions, 18(2), 286–302. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Reyes, A. (2017). Inventing postcolonial elites: Race, language, mix, excess. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 27(2), 210–231. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sanches, E. R. (2014). The community of Portuguese language speaking countries: The role of language in a globalizing world. Atlantic Future, Scientific Paper 14. University of Pretoria.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Scuto, D. (2010). Histoire des immigrations au Luxembourg (XIXe-XXIe siècles). 25 ans d’action pour l’immigration, 1985–2010 (pp. 12–38). OGBL, Département des immigrés, Luxembourg.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Severo, C. G. (2016). Lusofonia, colonialismo e globalização. Fórum Linguístico, 13(3), 1321–1333. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Severo, C. G., & Makoni, S. B. (2020). Using lusitanization and creolization as frameworks to analyse historical and contemporary: Cape Verde language policy and planning. In Deumert, A., A. Storch & N. Shepherd (Eds.), Colonial and Decolonial Linguistics: Knowledges and Epistemes (pp. 62–76). Taylor and Francis. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sharma, A. (2018). Migration, language policies, and language rights in Luxembourg. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies, 13(1), 87–104. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sommarribas, A., Petry, R., & Nienaber, B. (2019). Pathways to citizenship for third-country nationals in Luxembourg. EMN Luxembourg.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Spirinelli, F. (2020, June 21). “Toppling Symbols: Statues, the Colonial Past and the Public Space.” Retrieved from [URL]
Srinivas, N. (2013). Could a Subaltern Manage? Identity Work and Habitus in a Colonial Workplace. Organization Studies, 34(11), 1655–1674. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Statec (2020). Population par nationalités détaillés 2011–2021. Retrieved from [URL]
(2021). Le portail des statistiques : Grand-Duché du Luxembourg. Retrieved from [URL]
(2022). Le portail des statistiques : Grand-Duché du Luxembourg. Retrieved from [URL]
Stoler, A. L. (2016). Duress: Imperial durabilities in our times. Duke University PressGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stroud, C. (1999). Portuguese as ideology and politics in Mozambique: Semiotic (re) constructions of a postcolony. In J. Blommaert (Ed.), Language ideological debates (pp. 343–380). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Swartz, D. (1997). Culture and power: the sociology of Pierre Bourdieu. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tavares, B. (2018). Cape Verdean migration trajectories into Luxembourg: A multisited sociolinguistic investigation. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Luxembourg.
Tavares, B., & Vieira, A. (2023). Black Luxembourg. In Kelly, Natasha A. & Vassel, O. (Eds.), Mapping Black Europe: Monuments, Markers, Memories (pp. 93–113). Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ulus, E. (2015). Workplace emotions in postcolonial spaces: Enduring legacies, ambivalence, and subversion. Organization, 22(6), 890–908. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Veronelli, G. (2015). The coloniality of language: Race, expressivity, power and the darker side of modernity. Wagadu 131, 108–34.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vieira, A. & Tavares, B. (2023). Postcolonialité et l’énigme portugaise: La diversité des migrations lusophones au Luxembourg. In Forum für Politik, Gesellschaft und Kultur in Luxemburg 4311, (pp. 5–8). Forum asbl.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Walker, M. (2005). Rainbow nation or new racism? Theorizing race and identity formation in South African higher education. Race Ethnicity and Education 8(2), 129–146. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Williams, R. (2012). Luso-African intimacies: Conceptions of national and transnational community. In E. Morier-Genoud & M. Cahen (Eds.), Imperial Migrations (pp. 265–285). London: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wise, A. & Velayutham, S. (2020). Humour at work: conviviality through language play in Singapore’s multicultural workplaces, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 43:5, 911–929. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wolfe, P. (2006). Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native. Journal of genocide research, 8(4), 387–409. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wynter, S. (1990). Beyond Miranda’s Meanings: Un/silencing the ‘Demonic Ground’ of Caliban’s ‘Woman’. In Carole Boyce Davies and Elaine Savory Fido (Eds.), Out of the Kumbla: Caribbean Women and Literature, (pp. 355–372). Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cited by (2)

Cited by two other publications

Percio, Alfonso Del
2025. 3Chapter 1 Mobilities and language: setting the scene. In Handbook of Language and Mobility, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Azevedo, Liliana
2024. Zonas Cinzentas e Ângulos Mortos: Reflexões em Torno da Produção de Conhecimento nos Estudos Sobre Migrações Portuguesas. Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais 11:2 ► pp. e024013 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 25 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue