Article In: SFL Appliability, Visibility and Accessibility
Edited by Claudia E. Stoian, Jorge Arús-Hita and Christian M.I.M. Matthiessen
[Language, Context and Text 7:2] 2025
► pp. 234–262
Genre and Cognitive Discourse Functions as lenses on disciplinary language in CLIL contexts
Insights from the UAM-CLIL Project
This content is being prepared for publication; it may be subject to changes.
Abstract
The application of genre-based pedagogy (GBP) has a long tradition both in L1 educational contexts and more recently in L2 contexts, such as Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) programmes. In these CLIL contexts, oral and written interaction are not always carried out through full genres. Thus, the concept of Cognitive Discourse Functions (CDFs) (. 2013. A construct of cognitive discourse functions for conceptualising content-language integration in CLIL and multilingual education. EuJAL 1(2), 216–253. ) has been proposed to characterize frequently occurring functional units necessary for learning in classrooms across different disciplines. This paper addresses the roles of genres and CDFs in the analysis of student literacy performance and explores their interplay. Results show that some CDFs are closer to genres than others; for example, the CDF define demonstrates complete stages or functional component, approximating a genre. In contrast, the CDF evaluate, appears in more wave-like structures and is used across genres. We discuss the benefits for educational research of both constructs as tools for analysis and teaching.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Genres and CDFs: Two complementary models
- 2.1Genre-based pedagogy
- 2.2Cognitive Discourse Functions
- 3.UAM-CLIL CDF research
- 3.1Research context and methodology
- 3.2CDFs: Analyses and Findings
- 3.2.1cdf categorise
- 3.2.2CDF define
- 3.2.3CDF evaluate
- 3.2.4CDF explore
- 3.3Working with teachers on CDFs
- 4.Discussion: A place for CDFs
- 5.Conclusions
- Notes
References
References (97)
Acevedo, Claire, David Rose & Rachel Whittaker (eds.). 2023. Reading to learn, reading the world: How Genre-Based Literacy Pedagogy is democratizing education. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Anderson, Lorin W. & David R. Krathwohl (eds.). 2001. A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives. New York: Longman.
Bailey, Alison L. & Frances A. Butler. 2003. An evidentiary framework for operationalizing academic language for broad application to K-12 education: A design document. Los Angeles: CSE Technical Report 611. University of California, National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing (CRESST).
Beacco, Jean-Claude, Mike Fleming, Francis Goullier, Eike Thürmann, Helmut Vollmer & Joseph Sheils. 2016. A handbook for curriculum development and teacher training. The language dimension in all subjects. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing. [URL]
Biggs, John & Catherine Tang. 2011. Teaching for quality learning at university, 4th edn. London: Open University Press McGraw Hill Education.
Bloom, Benjamin S. (ed.). 1956. Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York: David McKay.
Breeze, Ruth & Pilar Gerns Jiménez-Villarejo. 2019. Building literacies in secondary school history: The specific contribution of academic writing support. EuroAmerican Journal of Applied Linguistics and Languages 6(1). 21–36.
Brisk, Maria E. 2022. Engaging students in academic literacies: Genre-based pedagogy for K-8 classrooms. Second edition. London & New York: Routledge.
Chamot, Anna U. & J. Michael O’Malley. 1994. The CALLA handbook: Implementing the Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing.
Christie, Frances & Beverly Derewianka. 2008. School discourse: Learning to write across the years of schooling. London: Bloomsbury.
Clark, Ursula. 2019. Developing language and literacy in English across the secondary school curriculum: An inclusive approach. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
Coetze-Lachmann, D. 2007. Assessment of subject-specific task performance of bilingual geography learners: Analysing aspects of subject specific written discourse. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University Osnabrueck. Available at: [URL]
Coffin, Caroline. 2006. Historical discourse: The language of time, cause and evaluation. London: Bloomsbury.
Colombi, Maria Cecilia. 2009. A systemic functional approach to teaching Spanish for heritage speakers in the United States. Linguistics and Education 201, 39–49.
Dalton-Puffer, Christiane. 2007. Discourse in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) classrooms. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2013. A construct of cognitive discourse functions for conceptualising content-language integration in CLIL and multilingual education. EuJAL 1(2), 216–253.
. 2016. Cognitive discourse functions: Specifying an integrative interdisciplinary construct. In Tarja Nikula, Emma Dafouz, Pat Moore & Ute Smit (eds.), Conceptualising integration in CLIL and multilingual education, 29–54. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
. 2017. Introduction to part III: Discourse analysis and CLIL. In Ana Llinares & Tom Morton (eds.), Applied linguistics perspectives on CLIL, 167–182. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Dalton-Puffer, Christiane, Silvia Bauer-Marschallinger, Katharina Brückl-Mackey, Victoria Hofmann, Jennifer Hopf, Lisa Kröss & Lisa Lechner. 2018. Cognitive discourse functions in Austrian CLIL lessons: towards an empirical validation of the CDF Construct. European Journal of Applied Linguistics 6(1). 5–29.
del Pozo, Elena & Ana Llinares. 2021. Assessing students’ learning of history content in Spanish CLIL programmes: A Content and Language Integrated Perspective. In Chantal Hemmi & Darío Luis Banegas (eds.), International perspectives on CLIL. International perspectives on English language teaching, 43–61. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
de Oliveira, Luciana & Joshua Iddings (eds.). 2014. Genre pedagogy across the curriculum: Theory and applications in U.S classrooms. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
de Silva Joyce, Helen & Susan Feez. 2018. Multimodality across classrooms: Learning about and through different modalities. New York: Routledge.
Doiz, Aintzane & David Lasagabaster. 2021. An analysis of the use of cognitive discourse functions in English-medium history teaching at university. English for Specific Purposes 621. 58–69.
Dreyfus, Shoshana, Sally Humphrey, Ahmar Mahboob & James R. Martin. 2015. Genre pedagogy in higher education: The SLATE project. Palgrave Macmillan.
European Centre for Modern Languages. 2025. Principles of a pluriliteracies approach to teaching for learning (PTL). Retrieved November 5, 2025, from [URL]
Evnitskaya, Natalia & Ana Llinares. 2022. (In)equity in CLIL programs?: Classroom interaction and the development of higher order thinking skills across bilingual strands. AILA Review 35(2). 227–249.
Evnitskaya, Natalia & Christiane Dalton-Puffer. 2023. Cognitive discourse functions in CLIL classrooms: eliciting and analysing students’ oral categorizations in science and history. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 26(3). 311–330.
García Vázquez, Sandra. 2025. Disciplinary literacies in CLIL: Analysis of curricular demands, textbooks and students’ written production in the History subject. Unpublished master’s dissertation. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Repository.
Garro Larrañaga, Eneritz, Eneko Antón, Roberto Arias-Hermoso & Unai Carmona. 2025. The effects of instruction on students’ argumentative scientific writing in a Basque medium of instruction setting. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education 13(2). 248–270.
Gebhard, Meg. 2019. Teaching and researching ELLs’ disciplinary literacies: Systemic Functional Linguistics in action in the context of U.S. school reform. London/New York: Routledge.
1987. Spoken and written modes of meaning. In Rosalind Horowitz & S. Jay Samuels (eds.), Comprehending oral and written language, 55–82. Bingley: Emerald Group.
1996. Literacy and linguistics: a functional perspective. In Ruqaiya Hasan & Geoff Williams (eds.), Literacy in society, 339–376. London: Longman.
Halliday, M. A. K. & Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen. 2014. Halliday’s introduction to functional grammar. London: Routledge.
Halliday, M. A. K. & Ruqaiya Hasan. 2006. Retrospective on SFL and literacy. In Rachel Whittaker, Mick O’Donnell & Anne McCabe (eds.), Language and literacy: Functional approaches, 15–44. London & New York: Bloomsbury.
Harman, Ruth (ed.). 2018. Bilingual learners and social equity: Critical approaches to systemic functional linguistics. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Hasenberger, Thomas. 2024. “The science of it…” — The potential of cognitive discourse functions for an integrative CLIL pedagogy. In Julia Hüttner & Christiane Dalton-Puffer (eds.), Building disciplinary literacies in Content and Language Integrated Learning, 141163. Abingdon: Routledge.
Humphrey, Sally. 2016. Academic literacies in the middle years: A framework for enhancing teacher knowledge and student achievement. London & New York: Routledge.
Humphrey, Sally, Honglin Chen & Lucy Macnaught. 2016. Social constructivist approaches to language learning in multilingual early and elementary years classrooms. Geneva: International Baccalaureate Organization.
Humphrey, Sally, Ruslana Westerlund & Olga Malin. In press. Building a language toolkit to teach the WIDA standards. London & New York: Routledge.
Hüttner Julia, Ana Llinares & Tarja Nikula. 2025. Conceptualizing bi- and multilingual disciplinary literacies in CLIL: Insights from a European research network. Frontiers in Education 101: 1540211.
Lersundi, Amaia. 2022. Analysis of subject-specific literacies in a multidisciplinary project in upper-secondary education: Case study. Mondragón: Mondragon Unibertsitatea dissertation.
Llinares, Ana & Nashwa Nashaat-Sobhy. 2021. What is an ecosystem? Defining science in primary school CLIL contexts. Language Teaching for Young Learners 321, 337–362.
Llinares, Ana & Tom Morton. 2024a. Spanish national report (Madrid). In Teresa Ting, Silvia Rieder-Marschallinger & Christiane Dalton-Puffer (eds.), Overview of curricular demands of disciplinary literacies: An exploratory survey and report by CLILNetLE working group 3, (p.1/ES(Madrid)-4/ES(Madrid)).
. 2024b. Assessing CLIL students’ expression of Explore across languages and school disciplines: An interdisciplinary approach. In Julia Hüttner & Christiane Dalton-Puffer (eds.), Building disciplinary literacies in content and language integrated learning, 101–118. London: Routledge.
Llinares, Ana, Tom Morton & Nashwa Nashaat-Sobhy. 2025. An analysis of presence in CLIL students’ writing when defining and exploring in science. Journal of Research in Applied Linguistics 16(2). 115–132.
Llinares, Ana, Tom Morton & Rachel Whittaker. 2012. The roles of language in CLIL. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 2024. Fostering language awareness for integration through teacher-researcher collaboration in a Spanish bilingual education context. Language Awareness 33(4). 751–771.
Llinares, Ana, Rachel Whittaker & Tom Morton. In press. Working transdisciplinarily in content and language integrated learning programmes. In Rebekah Wegener, Anne McCabe, Akila Sellami Baklouti & Lise Fontaine (eds.) The Routledge handbook of transdisciplinary systemic functional linguistics, 63–78. London: Routledge.
Lorenzo, Francisco, Lidija Cvikić, Ana Llinares, Mark de Boer, Emine Adadan, Roberto Arias-Hermoso, Dorothea Bagalová, Marko Ćaleta, Suheyla Demirkol Orak, Natalia Evnitskaya, Dubravka Glasnović Gracin, Adrián Granados, Irene Guzmán-Alcón, Michalina Kasprzak, Sami Lehesvuori, Lina Miloshevska, Hüseyin Özdemir, Valentina Piacentini, Elena del Pozo, Helena Roquet & Teresa Ting. 2024. Assessing disciplinary literacy with CEFR descriptors: History, mathematics and science. CLILNETLE COST Action. PHAIDRA repository (University of Vienna).
Lukin, Annabelle, Alison Moore, Maria Herke, Rebekah Wegener, R. & Canzhong Wu. 2011. Halliday’s model of register revisited and explored. Linguistics and the Human Sciences 4(2). 187–213.
Mackay, David, Brian Thompson & Pamela Schaub. 1970. Breakthrough to literacy: Teacher’s manual. The theory and practice of teaching initial reading and writing. London: Longman for the Schools Council.
Macken-Horarik, Mary, Kristina Love, Carmen Sandiford & Len Unsworth. 2017. Functional grammatics: Re-conceptualising knowledge about language and image for school English. London & New York: Routledge.
Martin, J. R. 1992. English text: System and structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
1999a. Modelling context: A crooked path of progress in contextual linguistics (Sydney SFL). In Mohsen Ghadessy (ed.), Text and context in functional linguistics, 25–61. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
1999b. Mentoring semogenesis: ‘Genre-based’ literacy pedagogy. In Frances Christie (ed.), Pedagogy and the shaping of consciousness, 123–155. London & New York: Bloomsbury.
2009. Genre and language learning: A social semiotic perspective. Linguistics and Education 201. 10–21.
Martin, J. R. & David Rose. 2003. Working with discourse: Meaning beyond the clause. London & New York: Bloomsbury.
Martin, J. R. & Peter R. R. White. 2005. Language of evaluation: Appraisal in English. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M. 2015. Register in the round: Registerial cartography. Functional Linguistics 21. 1–48.
McCabe, Anne & Rachel Whittaker. (in press). Intersubjectivity in CLIL: How can the outside become the inside? In Jamie Williams (ed.), Systemic functional linguistics and the individual. London: Routledge.
McKenney, Susan & Thomas Reeves. 2019. Conducting educational design research (2nd edition). Abingdon: Routledge.
McNamara, Stephen. 2024. Pilot: Cognitive Discourse Functions in Intercultural Studies lessons. Kwansei Gakuin University Humanities Review 281, 209–229.
Mickan, Peter. 2019. Language and education. In Geoff Thompson, Wendy L. Bowcher, Lise Fontaine & David Schönthal (eds.), The Cambridge handbook of systemic functional linguistics, 537–560. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Millin, Tracey & Mark Millin. 2018. English academic writing convergence for academically weaker senior secondary school students: Possibility or pipe-dream? Journal of English for Academic Purposes 311. 1–17.
Morton, Tom. 2010. Using a genre-based approach to integrating content and language in CLIL: The example of secondary history. In Christiane Dalton-Puffer, Tarja Nikula & Ute Smit (eds.), Language use and language learning in CLIL classrooms, 81–104. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2020. Cognitive discourse functions: A bridge between content, literacy and language for teaching and assessment in CLIL. CLIL Journal of Innovation and Research in Plurilingual and Pluricultural Education 3(1). 7–17.
Morton, Tom & Ana Llinares. 2024. Building teachers’ knowledge of Cognitive Discourse Functions to integrate content and language. In Susan Ballinger, Ruth Fielding & Diane Tedick (eds.), Teacher development for content-based language education, 21–41. Multilingual Matters.
Nashaat-Sobhy, Nashwa & Ana Llinares. 2023. CLIL students’ definitions of historical terms. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 26(3). 331–344.
O’Donnell, Mick. 2008. Demonstration of the UAM CorpusTool for text and image annotation. Proceedings of the ACL-08:HLT Demo Session (Companion Volume), 13–16. Columbus, Ohio: Association for Computational Linguistics.
Otto, Ana & Jose Luis Estrada. 2019. Towards an understanding of CLIL in a European context: Main assessment tools and the role of language in content subjects. CLIL Journal of Innovation and Research in Plurilingual and Pluricultural Education 2(1). 31–42.
Rieder-Marschallinger, Silvia. 2024. Creating content-and-language-integrative materials for the bilingual history classroom through design-based research: The role of teacher-researcher collaboration. In Susan Ballinger, Ruth Fielding & Diane J. Tedick (eds.), Teacher development for content-based language education: International perspectives, 19–41. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. [URL].
Roca de Larios, Julio, Yvette Coyle. & Vanessa Garcia. 2022. The effects of using cognitive discourse functions to instruct 4th-year children on report writing in a CLIL science class. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 12(4), 597–622.
Rose, David. 2006. Reading genre: a new wave of analysis. Linguistics and the Human Sciences 2(2). 185–204.
Rose, David & J. R. Martin. 2012. Learning to write, reading to learn: Genre, knowledge and pedagogy in the Sydney School. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Rothery, Joan. 1996. Making changes: Developing an educational linguistics. In Ruqaiya Hasan & Geoff Williams (eds.), Literacy in society, 86–123. London: Longman.
Schleppegrell, Mary. 2004. The language of schooling: A functional linguistics perspective. New York: Routledge.
Ting, Y. L. Teresa, Silvia Rieder-Marschallinger & Christiane Dalton-Puffer. 2024. The development of bi-and multilingual disciplinary literacies across educational levels: An exploratory survey. Vienna: University of Vienna. [URL]
Tompkins, Leah & Anne McCabe. 2025. A Systemic Functional Linguistic coding scheme for context dependency and complexity in academic writing. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 5(1).
Trimble, Louis. 1985. English for science and technology: A discourse approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Veel, Robert. 2006. The Write it Right project — Linguistic modelling of secondary school and the workplace. In Rachel Whittaker, Mick O’Donnell & Anne McCabe (eds.), Language and literacy: Functional approaches, 66–92. London: Bloomsbury
Ventola, Eija. 1987. The structure of social interaction: A systemic approach to the semiotics of service encounters. London: Pinter.
Wells, C. Gordon. 2009[1976]. The meaning makers: Learning to talk and talking to learn (2nd edition). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Wheadon, Christopher, Patrick Barmby, Daisy Christodoulou, & Brian Henderson. 2020. A comparative judgement approach to the large-scale assessment of primary writing in England. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice 27(1). 46–64.
Whittaker, Rachel. 2018. Reading to Learn in CLIL subjects: Working with content-language. CLIL Journal of Innovation and Research in Plurilingual and Pluricultural Education 1(1). 17–25.
Whittaker, Rachel & Anne McCabe. 2023. Expressing evaluation across disciplines in primary and secondary CLIL writing: a longitudinal study. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 26(3). 345–362.
Whittaker, Rachel & Claire Acevedo. 2016. Working on literacy in CLIL/bilingual contexts: Reading to Learn and teacher development. Estudios sobre educación 311, 37–55.
Whittaker, Rachel & Isabel García Parejo. 2018. Teacher learning for European literacy education (TeL4ELE): Genre-based pedagogy in five European countries. European Journal of Applied Linguistics 6(1). 31–57.
Wu, Yanming & Angel M. Y. Lin. 2022. Thematic patterns, Cognitive Discourse Functions, and genres: Towards an Integrative Model for CLIL. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education 10(2). 230–264.
