Article published In: Language, Context and Text
Vol. 7:1 (2025) ► pp.1–41
Multimodality writes back
Refining the contextual variable of “mode” in systemic functional linguistics
Published online: 5 September 2025
https://doi.org/10.1075/langct.00082.bat
https://doi.org/10.1075/langct.00082.bat
Abstract
This paper critically engages with the treatment of “context” in SFL, particularly the contextual variable of
mode, arguing that approaches to date have been hindered by focusing too narrowly on language. Although this might sound
reasonable for a linguistic theory, the discussion here will suggest that overlooking the fact that language never occurs in
context alone compromises the task of characterising context appropriately. By drawing on the state of the art in more recent
multimodality theory, the paper works back to language from a more general semiotic framework in which occurrences of language are
no longer central. This creates a broader theoretical “space” for the phenomena at issue that allows a re-positioning of some of
the traditional distinctions drawn in discussions of contextual mode, arguably simplifying contextual modelling within a more
internally coherent architecture.
Keywords: context, mode, modality, multimodality, materiality
Article outline
- 1.Introduction: “Context” as a task of linguistics
- 2.Context in SFL: The starting position
- 3.Semiotic fault lines within the SFL notion of contextual mode
- 4.Context: A “pan-semiotic” contruct?
- 5.Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
References
References (91)
Bartlett, Tom. 2017. Context
in systemic functional linguistics: Towards scalar
supervenience? In Tom Bartlett & Gerard O’Grady (eds.), The
Routledge handbook of systemic functional
linguistics, 375–390. London: Routledge.
Bateman, John A. 2017. Triangulating transmediality: A
multimodal semiotic framework relating media, modes and genres. Discourse, Context &
Media 201 (Supplement
C). 160–174.
2020. The foundational role of
discourse semantics beyond language. In Michele Zappavigna & Shoshana Dreyfus (eds.), Discourses
of hope and reconciliation. On J. R. Martin’s contribution to systemic functional
linguistics, 39–55. London & New York: Bloomsbury.
2021a. Dimensions of materiality:
Towards an external language of description for empirical multimodality
research. In Jana Pflaeging, Janina Wildfeuer & John A. Bateman (eds.), Empirical
multimodality research: Methods, evaluations,
implications, 35–64. Berlin: de Gruyter.
2022a. Growing theory for practice:
Empirical multimodality beyond the case study. Multimodal
Communication 11(1). 63–74.
2022b. A semiotic perspective on the
ontology of documents and multimodal textuality. In Gerald Hartung, Frederik Schlupkothen & Karl-Heinrich Schmidt (eds.), Using
documents: A multidisciplinary approach to document
theory, 147–198. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Bateman, John A., Janina Wildfeuer & Tuomo Hiippala. 2017. Multimodality
— foundations, research and analysis. A problem-oriented
introduction. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.
Berry, Margaret. 2016. On
describing contexts of situation. In Wendy L. Bowcher & Jennifer Yameng Liang (eds.), Society
in language, language in society: Essays in honour of Ruqaiya
Hasan, 184–205. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bezemer, Jeff. 2024. What
modes can and cannot do: Affordance in Gunther Kress’s theory of sign
making. Text &
Talk 44(4). 493–510.
Björkvall, Anders & Anna-Malin Karlsson. 2011. The
materiality of discourses and the semiotics of materials: A social perspective on the meaning potentials of written texts and
furniture. Semiotica 187(1/4). 141–165.
Bowcher, Wendy L. 2007. Field and multimodal
texts. In Ruqaiya Hasan, Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen & Jonathan J. Webster (eds.), Continuing
discourse on
language, vol. 21, 619–646. London: Equinox.
2013. Material action as choice in
field. In Lise Fontaine, Tom Bartlett & Gerard O’Grady (eds.), Systemic
functional linguistics: Exploring
choice, 318–341. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2014. Issues in developing unified
systems for contextual field and mode. Functions of
Language 21(2). 176–209.
2017. Field, tenor and
mode. In Tom Bartlett & Gerard O’Grady (eds.), The
Routledge handbook of systemic functional
linguistics, 391–403. London: Routledge.
2021. Context of situation and the
role of language. Functions of
Language 28(3). 315–341.
Bucher, Hans-Jürgen. 2011. Multimodales
Verstehen oder Rezeption als Interaktion. Theoretische und empirische Grundlagen einer systematischen Analyse der
Multimodalität. In Hans-Joachim Diekmannshenke, Michael Klemm & Hartmut Stöckl (eds.), Bildlinguistik.
Theorien — Methoden —
Fallbeispiele, 123–156. Berlin: Erich Schmidt.
Burn, Andrew. 2014. The
kineikonic mode: Towards a multimodal approach to moving-image
media. In Carey Jewitt (ed.), The
Routledge handbook of multimodal analysis (2nd
edition), 375–385. London: Routledge.
Burunat, Iballa, Daniel J. Levitin & Petri Toiviainen. 2024. Breaking
(musical) boundaries by investigating brain dynamics of event segmentation during real-life
music-listening. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 121(36). e2319459121.
Butt, David & Rebekah Wegener. 2007. The
work of concepts: Context and metafunction in the systemic functional
model. In Ruqaiya Hasan, Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen & Jonathan J. Webster (eds.), Continuing
discourse on
language, 589–618. London: Equinox.
Butt, David G. 2001. Firth, Halliday and the
development of systemic functional theory. In Sylvain Auroux, E. F. K. Koerner, Hans-Josef Niederehe & Kees Versteegh (eds.), History
of the language sciences: An international handbook on the evolution of the study of language from the beginnings to the
present, vol. 21 (Handbooks of Linguistics and
Communication Science 18.2), 1806–1838. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.
2004. Parameters of context: On establishing
similarities and dissimilarities between social processes
(Mimeo). Sydney: Centre for Language in Social Life, Macquarie University.
2019. Firth and the origins of
systemic functional linguistics: Process, pragma, and
polysystem. In Geoff Thompson, Wendy L. Bowcher, Lise Fontaine & David Schöntal (eds.), The
Cambridge handbook of systemic functional
linguistics, 11–34. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Butt, David G., Alison Rotha Moore, Canzhong Wu & John Cartmill. 2021. The
pragmatism of drawing context networks. Social hierarchy and social distance as dimensions of
tenor. Functions of
Language 28(3). 260–290.
Cloran, Carmel. 1999. Context,
material situation and text. In Mohsen Ghadessy (ed.), Text
and context in functional
linguistics, 177–217. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins.
Cohn, Neil. 2015. Narrative
conjunction’s junction function: The interface of narrative grammar and semantics in sequential
images. Journal of
Pragmatics 881. 105–132.
. 2020. Your
brain on comics: A cognitive model of visual narrative comprehension. Topics in Cognitive
Science 12(1). 352–386.
Doran, Y. J., J. R. Martin & Michele Herrington. 2024. Rethinking
context: realisation, instantiation, and individuation in systemic functional
linguistics. Journal of World
Languages. 10(1). 177–220.
Elleström, Lars. 2014. Media
transformation: The transfer of media characteristics among
media. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
(ed.). 2021. Beyond
media borders, volume 1: Intermedial relations among multimodal
media. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Firth, John R. 1957[1950]. Personality and language
in society. In Papers in linguistics
1934-1951, 177–189. London: Oxford University Press. Reprinted from The Sociological Review: Journal of
the Institute of
Sociology 42(2): 37–52.
Fricke, Ellen. 2013. Towards
a unified grammar of gesture and speech: A multimodal
approach. In Cornelia Müller, Alan Cienki, Ellen Fricke, Silva Ladewig, David McNeill & Sedinha Tessendorf (eds.), Body
— Language — Communication / Körper — Sprache — Kommunikation (Handbücher zur Sprach- und
Kommunikationswissenschaft / Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science (HSK)
38/1), 733–754. Berlin & New York: de Gruyter Mouton.
Gibson, James J. 1977. The theory of
affordances. In Robert Shaw & John Bransford (eds.), Perceiving,
acting, and knowing: Toward an ecological
psychology, 62–82. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1978. Language as social semiotic: The social interpretation of language and
meaning. London: Edward Arnold.
1999. The
notion of ‘context’ in language education. In Mohsen Ghadessy (ed.), Text
and context in functional
linguistics, 1–20. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins.
Halliday, M. A. K. & Ruqaiya Hasan. 1985. Language,
context and text: Aspects of language in a social semiotic perspective. Geelong, Victoria: Deakin University Press. (Language and
Learning Series).
Halliday, M. A. K. & Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen. 2013. Halliday’s
introduction to functional grammar (4th edition). London & New York: Routledge.
Halliday, M. A. K., Angus McIntosh & Peter Strevens. 1964. The
linguistic sciences and language
teaching. London: Longman.
Halliday, M. A. K. & William S. Greaves. 2008. Intonation
in the grammar of English. London: Equinox Publishing Co.
Hasan, Ruqaiya. 1985. The
structure of a text. In M. A. K. Halliday & Ruqaiya Hasan (eds.), Language,
context and text: A social semiotic
perspective, 52–69. Geelong, Victoria: Deakin University Press. (Language and
Learning Series).
. 1995. The
conception of context in text. In Peter H. Fries & Michael Gregory (eds.), Discourse
in society: Systemic functional
perspectives, 183–283. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
. 1996. The
nursery tale as a genre. In C. Cloran, D. Butt & G. Williams (eds.), Ways
of saying, ways of meaning: selected papers of Ruqaiya
Hasan, 51–72. London: Cassell.
. 1999. Speaking
in reference to context. In Mohsen Ghadessy (ed.), Text
and context in functional
linguistics, 219–319. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins.
. 2009. The
place of context in a systemic functional model. In M. A. K. Halliday & Jonathan J. Webster (eds.), Continuum
companion to systemic functional
linguistics, 166–189. London: Continuum.
. 2014. Towards
a paradigmatic description of context: Systems, metafunctions, and semantics. Functional
Linguistics 1(9). 1–54.
. 2016[2001]. Wherefore
context? The ontogenesis of meaning exchange. In Ruqaiya Hasan, Context in the system and process of language, volume 4 in the collected works of Ruqaiya Hasan, 95–126. Edited by Jonathan J. Webster. London: Equinox.
. 2020. Tenor:
Rethinking interactant relations. Language, Context and Text: The Social Semiotics
Forum 2(2). 213–333.
Jackendoff, Ray & Fred Lerdahl. 2006. The capacity for music: What is it, and what’s special about it? Cognition 1001. 33–72.
Jewitt, Carey. 2014. An
introduction to multimodality. In Carey Jewitt (ed.), The
Routledge handbook of multimodal
analysis, 15–30. London: Routledge.
Jewitt, Carey, Gunther Kress, Jon Ogborn & Charalampos Tsatsarelis. 2000. Materiality
as an aspect in learning. Zeitschrift für
Erziehungswissenschaft 3(2). 267–284.
Kok, Kasper. 2016. The
grammatical potential of co-speech gesture: A functional discourse grammar
perspective. Functions of
Language 23(2). 149–178.
Krämer, Sybille. 1998. Form
als Vollzug oder: Was gewinnen wir mit Niklas Luhmanns Unterscheidung von Medium und
Form? Rechtshistorisches
Journal 171. 558–573.
. 2023[1999]. A
response to ‘A theory of educational linguistics’. Language, Context and Text: The Social
Semiotics
Forum 2(2). 403–412. Republished
version of paper presented in 1999.
Kress, Gunther, Carey Jewitt, Jon Ogborn & Charalampos Tsatsarelis. 2001. Multimodal
teaching and learning. The rhetorics of the science classroom. London & New York: Continuum.
Kress, Gunther & Theo van Leeuwen. 2001. Multimodal
discourse: The modes and media of contemporary
communication. London: Arnold.
. 2020[1996,
2006]. Reading images: The grammar of visual design (3rd
edition). London & New York: Routledge.
Ledin, Per & David Machin. 2019. Doing
critical discourse studies with multimodality: From metafunctions to materiality. Critical
Discourse
Studies 16(5). 497–513.
Lukin, Annabelle, Alison Moore, Maria Herke, Rebekah Wegener & Canzhong Wu. 2008. Halliday’s
model of register revisited and explored. Linguistics and the Human
Sciences 4(2). 187–213.
Malinowski, Branislaw. 1923. The problem of meaning in primitive languages. In Charles K. Ogden & Ivor A. Richards, The meaning of
meaning, 451–510. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Co., Inc.
Martin, J. R. 1992. English
text: Systems and
structure. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
1999. Modelling
context: The crooked path of progress in contextual linguistics (Sydney
SFL). In M. Ghadessy (ed.), Text
and context in functional linguistics (CILT Series
IV), 25–61. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
2011. Multimodal
semiotics: Theoretical challenges. In Shooshi Dreyfus, Sue Hood & Maree Stenglin (eds.), Semiotic
margins: Reclaiming
meaning, 243–270. London: Continuum.
2019[2017]. Revisiting
Field: Specialized knowledge in secondary school science and humanities
discourse. In J. R. Martin (ed.), Accessing
academic discourse, 114–147. London & New York: Routledge. Originally appeared in Onomázein
Número especial LSF y TCL sobre educación y conocimiento
(2017): 111–148.
Martin, J. R. & Erika Matruglio. 2019[2013]. Revisiting
Mode: Context in/dependency in ancient history classroom
discourse. In J. R. Martin (ed.), Accessing
academic discourse, 89–113. London & New York: Routledge. Originally appeared
in Guowen Huang, Delu Zhang & Xinzhang Yang (eds.), Studies
in functional linguistics and discourse
analysis, volume 51, 2–95. Beijing: Higher Education Press.
Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M. 1993. Register in the round, or
diversity in a unified theory of register. In M. Ghadessy (ed.), Register
analysis: Theory and
practice, 221–292. London: Pinter.
2009. Multisemiosis and
context-based register typology: Registerial variation in the complementarity of semiotic
systems. In Eija Ventola & Arsenio Jesús Moya Guijarro (eds.), The
world told and the world shown: Multisemiotic
issues, 11–38. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M., Kazuhiro Teruya & Marvin Lam. 2010. Key
terms in systemic functional
linguistics. London: Continuum.
Miller, Daniel. 2005. Materiality:
An introduction. In Daniel Miller (ed.), Materiality, 1–50. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Mondada, Lorenza. 2014. Interactional
space and the study of embodied talk-in-interaction. In Peter Auer, Martin Hilpert, Anja Stukenbrock & Benedikt Szmrecsanyi (eds.), Space
in language and linguistics. Geographical, interactional, and cognitive
perspectives, 247–275. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Moore, Alison Rotha. 2020. Progress and tensions in
modelling register as a semantic configuration. Language, Context and Text: The Social
Semiotics
Forum 2(1). 22–57.
Muntigl, Peter. 2004. Modelling
multiple semiotic systems: The case of gesture and speech. In Eija Ventola, Cassily Charles & Martin Kaltenbacher (eds.), Perspectives
on
multimodality, 31–50. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Ngo, Thu, Susan Hood, J. R. Martin, Claire Painter, Bradley A. Smith & Michelle Zappavigna (eds.). 2021. Modelling
paralanguage using systemic functional semiotics: Theory and
application. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
O’Halloran, Kay L. 2005. Mathematical discourse: Language,
symbolism and visual images. London & New York: Continuum.
Patel-Grosz, Pritty, Patrick Georg Grosz, Tejaswinee Kelkar & Alexander Refsum Jensenius. 2022. Steps
towards a Semantics of Dance. Journal of
Semantics 39(4). 693–748.
Pfeiffer, K. Ludwig. 1994. The materiality of communication. (Translated by William Whobrey). In Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht & K. Ludwig Pfeiffer (eds.), Materialities of communication, 1–14. Stanford University Press.
Ravelli, Louise. 2019. Multimodality
and the register of disciplinary History. Challenges for new texts and old theories. Language,
Context and Text: The Social Semiotics
Forum 1(2). 341–365.
Ravelli, Louise, Theo van Leeuwen, Markus A. Höllerer & Dennis Jancsary (eds.). 2023. Organizational
semiotics: Multimodal perspectives on organization studies. New York & London: Routledge.
Stöckl, Hartmut. 2004. In
between modes: Language and image in printed media. In Eija Ventola, Cassily Charles & Martin Kaltenbacher (eds.), Perspectives
on
multimodality, 9–30. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2016. Multimodalität
— Semiotische und textlinguistische Grundlagen. In Nina-Maria Klug & Hartmut Stöckl (eds.), Handbuch
sprache im multimodalen kontext (Handbücher Sprachwissen / Linguistics Handbooks (HSW)
7), 3–35. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.
