Article published In: Mapping “Language" in Education: Special issue of the Journal Language, Context and Text 5:2 (2023)
[Language, Context and Text 5:2] 2023
► pp. 282–385
Exploring the “language” part of language education
Published online: 4 January 2024
https://doi.org/10.1075/langct.00055.hal
https://doi.org/10.1075/langct.00055.hal
Abstract
This paper is based on a series of lectures Halliday presented in the Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong in
2005. As Amy Tsui indicates in her companion paper in this issue, it was to have been the first chapter in a book that would also include
chapters by other scholars discussing the educational use of some of Halliday’s theoretical and practical proposals, but for various reasons
the book did not eventuate. (See also the first sentence of the paper.) One distinctive feature of the paper is its reach over a very large
range of concepts in Halliday’s theory. Another is its accessibility for educators looking to find a general introduction to aspects of
systemic functional linguistic theory relevant to education. The final section illustrates the analytical use of the theory in various
educational contexts through examples of discourse analyses.1 1 .
Article outline
- 1.Toward an “appliable” linguistics
- 2.The “architecture” of language
- 3.Elaborating the theory
- 3.1Paradigmatic composition: The system network
- 3.2Stratification: The relation of realisation in language
- 3.3Metafunction: Modes of meaning in language
- 3.4Instantiation: The relation of system to instance
- 3.5Syntagmatic composition: The rank scale
- 4.Construing complexity in language
- 5.The dimension of history in language
- 6.From grammar to discourse
- 6.1The interpersonal metafunction: Appraisal
- 6.2The interpersonal metafunction: Gaining insights into the theme of a literary text
- 6.3The textual metafunction: Theme and Rheme
- 6.4The experiential metafunction: Analysing verbal art
- 7.Conclusion
- Notes
References Addendum
References (61)
Armstrong, Elizabeth, Alison Ferguson, Lynne Mortensen & Leanne Togher. 2005. Acquired
language disorders: Some functional insights. In Ruqaiya Hasan, Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen & Jonathan J. Webster (eds.), Continuing
discourse on language: A functional perspective, volume
1, 383–412. London: Equinox.
Bodmer, Frederick. 1943. The
loom of language: A guide to foreign languages for the home
student. London: Allen & Unwin.
Cao, Xueqin. 2001. A
dream of red mansions. Translated by Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang. Paris: Foreign Languages Press.
Christie, Frances & J. R. Martin. 1997. Genre
and institutions: Social processes in the workplace and
school. London: Continuum.
Christie, Frances & Len Unsworth. 2005. Developing
dimensions of an educational linguistics. In Ruqaiya Hasan, Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen & Jonathan J. Webster (eds.), Continuing
discourse on language: A functional perspective, volume
1, 217–250. London: Equinox.
Cloran, Carmel. 1994. Rhetorical
units and decontextualization: An enquiry into some relations of context, meaning and
grammar. Monographs in Systemic Linguistics
6. Nottingham: University of Nottingham Department of English Studies.
Deacon, Terrence. 1997. The
symbolic species: The co-evolution of language and the human brain. New York: W.W. Norton.
Firth, J. R. 1957. A
synopsis of linguistic theory, 1930–1955. Studies in linguistic
analysis. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Reprinted in Frank R. Palmer (ed.), Selected
papers of J.R. Firth
1952–1959, 165–208. London: Longmans.
Fries, Peter H. 1995a. Themes, methods of
development, and texts. In Ruqaiya Hasan & Peter H. Fries (eds.), On
subject and theme: A discourse functional
perspective, 317–360. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Fries, Peter H. 1995b. Patterns of information in
initial position in English. In Peter H. Fries & Michael Gregory (eds.), Discourse
in society: Systemic functional perspectives. Meaning and choice in language: Studies for Michael
Halliday, 47–66. Norwood: Ablex.
Ghadessy, Mohsen (ed.). 1999. Text
and context in functional linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Gibbons, John. 2003. Forensic
linguistics: An introduction to language in the justice
system. Oxford: Blackwell.
Gregory, Michael. 1987. Metafunctions:
Aspects of their development, status and use in systemic
linguistics. In M. A. K. Halliday & Robin P. Fawcett (eds.), New
developments in systemic linguistics, vol. 1: Theory and
description, 94–106. London: Frances Pinter.
Hagège, Claude. 1993. The
language builder: An essay on the human signature in linguistic
morphogenesis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1975. Learning
how to mean: Explorations in the development of
language. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1992. Systemic
grammar and the concept of a “science of language”. Waiguoyu (Journal of Foreign
Languages) 2 (General Series no.
78). 1–9. Reprinted in M. A. K. Halliday, On
language and linguistics, volume 3 in the collected works of M.A.K.
Halliday, 199–212. Edited by Jonathan J. Webster. London: Continuum.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1998a. Things
and relations: Regrammaticizing experience as technical
knowledge. In J. R. Martin & Robert Veel (eds.), Reading science: Critical and functional perspectives on discourses of science, 185–235. London: Routledge. Reprinted
in M. A. K. Halliday, The
language of science, volume 5 in the collected works of M.A.K.
Halliday, 49–101. Edited by Jonathan J. Webster. London: Continuum.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1998b. Computing
meanings: Some reflections on past experience and present prospects. Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen (ed.). Chinese
translated by Wu Canzhong. Japanese
translated by Kazuhiro Teruya. Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University. Reprinted in M. A. K. Halliday, Computational
and quantitative studies, volume 6 in the collected works of M.A.K.
Halliday, 239–267. Edited by Jonathan J. Webster. London: Continuum.
Halliday, M. A. K. & Zoe L. James. 1993. A
quantitative study of polarity and primary tense in the English finite
clause. In John M. Sinclair, Michael Hoey & Gwyneth Fox (eds.), Techniques
of description: Spoken and written discourse. London & New York: Routledge. Reprinted
in M. A. K. Halliday, Computational
and quantitative studies, volume 6 in the collected works of M.A.K.
Halliday, 93–129. Edited by Jonathan J. Webster. London: Continuum.
Halliday, M. A. K. & J. R. Martin. 1993. Writing
science: Literacy and discursive power. London & Washington DC: Falmer Press.
Hasan, Ruqaiya. 1980. What’s
going on?: A dynamic view of context in language. In James. E. Copeland & Philip. W. Davis (eds.), The
Seventh LACUS
Forum, 106–121. Columbia: Hornbeam Press.
Hasan, Ruqaiya. 1985b. Lending
and borrowing: From grammar to lexis. In John E. Clark (ed.), The
cultivated Australian: A festschrift for Arthur
Delbridge. Hamburg: Helmut Buske. Reprinted in Ruqaiya Hasan, Describing
language: Form and function, volume 5 in the collected works of Ruqaiya
Hasan, 174–184. Edited by Jonathan J. Webster. London: Equinox.
Hasan, Ruqaiya. 1987. The
grammarian’s dream: Lexis as most delicate grammar. In M. A. K. Halliday & Robin P. Fawcett (eds.), New
developments in systemic linguistics, vol. 1: Theory and
description, 184–212. Reprinted
in Carmel Cloran, David Butt & Geoff Williams (eds.), Ways
of saying, ways of meaning, 73–103. London and New York: Cassell.
Hasan, Ruqaiya. 1996. Ways
of saying, ways of meaning. Edited by Carmel Cloran, David Butt & Geoffrey Williams. London & New York: Cassell.
Hasan, Ruqaiya. 2005. Private
pleasure, public discourse: Reflections on engaging with
literature. In Donna Miller & Monica Turci (eds.), Language
and verbal art revisited: Linguistic approaches to verbal
art, 13–40. London: Equinox.
Hasan, Ruqaiya. 2007[1989]. Semantic variation and sociolinguistics. Australian
Journal of
Linguistics. 91. 221–276. Reprinted
in Ruqaiya Hasan, Semantic variation: Meaning in society, volume 2 in the collected works of Ruqaiya
Hasan, 180–230. Edited by Jonathan J. Webster. London: Equinox.
Hasan, Ruqaiya, Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen & Jonathan J. Webster (eds.). 2005. Continuing
discourse on language: A functional perspective, vol.
1. London: Equinox.
Hunston, Susan. 1994. Evaluation
and organization in a sample of written academic discourse. In Malcolm Coulthard (ed.), Advances
in written text
analysis, 191–218. London: Routledge.
Martin, J. R. 1989. Technicality
and abstraction: Language for the creation of specialized
texts. In Frances Christie (ed.), Writing
in schools: Reader. Geelong: Deakin University Press. Reprinted in Halliday, M. A. K. & J. R. Martin. Writing
science: Literacy and discursive
power, 203–220. London & Washington DC: Falmer Press.
Martin, J. R. 1992. English
text: System and structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Martin, J. R. 1993. Life
as a noun: Arresting the universe in science and humanities. In M. A. K. Halliday & J. R. Martin. Writing
science: Literacy and discursive
power, 221–267. London & Washington DC: Falmer Press.
Martin, J. R. & David Rose. 2003. Working
with discourse: Meaning beyond the
clause. London: Continuum.
Martin, J. R. & Peter R. R. White. 2005. The
language of evaluation: Appraisal systems in
English. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Martin, J. R. & Ruth Wodak. (eds.). 2003. Re/reading
the past: Critical functional perspectives on time and
value. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M. 1995. THEME as enabling resource
in ideational knowledge construction. In Mohsen Ghadessy (ed.), Thematic
development in English
texts, 20–54. London: Frances Pinter.
Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M. 1999. The system of
TRANSITIVITY: An exploratory study of text-based profiles. Functions of Language 6(1). 1–51.
Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M. 2005. The architecture of grammar
according to the systemic functional theory of language. New Delhi: Decent Books.
McMullen, Alistair & James L. Williams 1971. On course mathematics. 1, An introduction to algebra and geometry. 3rd ed. South Melbourne: Macmillan of Australia.
Pearce, John J., Geoffrey Thornton & David Mackay. 1989. The
programme in Linguistics and English Teaching, University College London
1964–1971. In Ruqaiya Hasan & J. R. Martin (eds.), Language
development: Learning language, learning culture. Meaning and Choice in Language: Studies for Michael
Halliday. Vol. XXVII in Advances in Discourse
Processes, 329–368. Norwood: Ablex.
Shum, Mark. 2003. The
functions of language and the teaching of Chinese: Application of systemic functional linguistics to Chinese language
education. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Thibault, Paul. 2004. Brain,
mind and the signifying body: An ecosocial semiotic
theory. London: Continuum.
Whorf, Benjamin L. 1945. Grammatical categories.
Language 21. 1–11. Reprinted in Benjamin L. Whorf. Language, thought and
reality. Edited by John B. Carroll. Cambridge, Massachusetts: M. I. T. Press.
Some introductions to (systemic) functional grammar
Bloor, Thomas & Merial Bloor1. Bloor, Thomas & Merial Bloor. 1995. The
Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan
approach. ISBN 0-340-60012-8 London: Arnold (2nd
edition Arnold, 2004.)
Butt, David; Rhondda Fahey, Sue Spinks & Colin Yallop2. Butt, David; Rhondda Fahey, Sue Spinks & Colin Yallop. 1995. Using
Functional Grammar: An explorer’s guide. Macquarie University: NCELTR (National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research) ISBN 1-86408-044-2
Coffin, Caroline; Ann Hewings & Kieran O⇔halloran3. Coffin, Caroline; Ann Hewings & Kieran O⇔halloran (eds). 2004. Applying
English Grammar: functional and corpus
approaches. London: Arnold ISBN 978-0340885147
Eggins, Suzanne4. Eggins, Suzanne. 1994. An
Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London & New York: Pinter ISBN (hb) 1-85567-208-1 / ISBN (pb) 1-85567-209-X.
Halliday, M. A. K.5. Halliday, M. A. K. 1994. An
Introduction to Functional Grammar, 2nd
edition. London: Arnold isbn 0-340-57491-7 3rd
edition, revised by Christian Matthiessen, Arnold, 2004 ISBN 0-340-76167-9
Lock, Graham6. Lock, Graham. 1995. Functional
English Grammar: an introduction for second language
teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-45922-2
Martin, J. R., Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen & Clare Painter7. Martin, J. R., Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen & Clare Painter. 1997. Working
with Functional
Grammar. London: Arnold ISBN 0-340-65250-0
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Kebede, Andualem & Getachew Endalamaw
Kellogg, Geoffrey C.
2025. Using appraisal to support students’ inquiry into literature. Language, Context and Text. The Social Semiotics Forum 7:1 ► pp. 95 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 25 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
