Article published In: Language and Linguistics
Vol. 27:2 (2026) ► pp.324–360
Exhaustifying conditionals
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.
For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.
Published online: 15 January 2026
https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00254.tsa
https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00254.tsa
Abstract
A Mandarin conditional sentence with the form [p, jiu q], where jiu is a
preverbal particle, can (but not always) convey the minimal sufficiency interpretation that nothing more — other than p — needs to
be true in order for q to be true. Moreover, the exclusive focus expression zhiyao can be inserted in p without
changing the minimal sufficiency interpretation. This paper proposes an exhaustification-based semantic account, according to
which: (i) jiu is a special exhaustivity operator over a conditional structure, giving rise to what I call the
at least component; (ii) the at least component is subject to another layer of exhaustification by a covert
exhaustivity operator O, giving rise to the minimal sufficiency reading; and (iii) zhiyao is an agreement marker
inside the antecedent clause which signals the existence of O at the root level. Previous accounts of conditional
jiu are also reviewed and discussed.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Wimmer (2022) on zhiyao-conditionals
- 2.1Summary
- 2.2Issues
- 3.Proposal: Exhaustification over conditionals
- 3.1Some observations
- 3.2Jiu as a conditional-specific exhaustivity operator
- 3.3Recursive exhaustification and zhi(yao)
- 3.4Obligatoriness of jiu and Maximize Presupposition
- 4.Comparison with previous accounts on conditional jiu
- 4.1Liu (2017a)
- 4.2Liu & Wang (2022)
- 5.Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
- List of abbreviations
References
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