Cover not available

Article published In: Language and Linguistics: Online-First Articles

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
EPUB logo with download linkDownload EPUB

西夏語趨向前綴與動詞的趨向可易性

 | Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Open Access logo
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

Article language: Chinese

Published online: 2 June 2025
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00241.zha
抽象
趨向前綴是西夏語被劃分為羌語支語言的重要依據之一。這些動詞前綴不僅傳達一定的空間意義，也是構成羌語支語言動詞時體式範疇的重要組成部分。西田龍雄注意到西夏語動詞與趨向前綴的搭配存在一定靈活性，但靈活程度似乎不及現代羌語支語言。這一現象至今尚未有系統研究。本文將現代嘉絨語支語法中動詞「趨向可易性」的概念引入西夏語趨向前綴與動詞搭配的研究，並通過梳理西夏語系列一趨向前綴的語義層次，區分西夏語動詞趨向可易性的三種情況，即明晰空間意義之交替、詞彙化彈性、時體範疇之交替。通過外部比較，本文將揭示西夏語與現代嘉絨語支的趨向前綴來自一個共同原始系統，並在此基礎上借助現代嘉絨語材料，進一步將西夏語動詞所呈現出的「受限趨向可易性」歸因爲兩方面。一方面，西夏語位移動詞趨向可易性降低，很有可能受文獻材料制約；另一方面，非位移動詞的有限趨向可易性則可部分歸因為嘉絨語支共有的詞彙化彈性。本項研究將幫助我們理解趨向前綴在嘉絨語支動詞形態中的歷史地位及發展趨勢。
Abstract
Tangut directional prefixes and verbal orientability
Directional prefixes play a crucial role in classifying the Tangut language within the Qiangic group. These verbal prefixes not only convey spatial meanings but also contribute to the construction of TAM morphology. Nishida Tatsuo noted some flexibility in the combination of verbs and directional prefixes in Tangut, although this flexibility appears less pronounced than in modern Qiangic languages — a phenomenon that has yet to be systematically studied. This paper introduces the concept of “verbal orientability,” borrowed from modern Gyalrongic, into the investigation of directional prefixes and their combinations with verbs in Tangut. By delineating the semantic levels of dir1 prefixes, three instances of verbal orientability in Tangut are identified: alternations in spatial meanings, lexicalization flexibility, and aspectual alternations. Through external comparison, this paper suggests that directional prefixes in Tangut and modern Gyalrongic likely share a common ancestral system, and it attributes the “restricted orientability” displayed by Tangut verbs to two factors. On one hand, the orientability of motion verbs in Tangut is likely diminished, potentially constrained by Tangut textual materials. On the other hand, the limited orientability of non-motion verbs may partly stem from a shared pattern of lexicalization flexibility observed in Gyalrongic languages. This study aims to enhance our understanding of the historical development of directional prefixes in the verbal morphology of Gyalrongic languages.
Article outline
  • 1.引言
  • 2.趨向前綴與動詞形態
    • 2.1西夏語趨向前綴與時體式範疇表達
    • 2.2動詞詞幹交替
  • 3.趨向前綴的語義層次
    • 3.1I. 𗈪5981 ·ja?-「朝上」與 𗱢1452 nja1-「朝下」
    • 3.2II. 𘙌1326 kjɨ1- 與 𗋚2590 wjɨ2-
      • 3.2.1「朝裡」與「朝外」
      • 3.2.2「朝近處」與「朝遠處」
      • 3.2.3「向心｣ (centripetal) 與「離心」(centrifugal)
    • 3.3IV. 𗞞4342 dja2- 「離心」與 𘙇0795 rjɨr2- 不定趨向
    • 3.4III. 𗞞4342 dja2-「離己」與 𗌽0804 djɨ2-「朝己」
    • 3.5趨向前綴的詞彙化
  • 4.動詞趨向可易性
    • 4.1詞彙意義：明晰空間意義之交替
      • 4.1.1趨向動詞
      • 4.1.2其它位移動詞
      • 4.1.3致使位移動詞
    • 4.2詞彙意義：詞彙化彈性
      • 4.2.1協同表意
      • 4.2.2非嚴格詞彙化
    • 4.3語法功能：完整體（系列一）與非完整體 𗞞4342 dja2- 之交替
  • 5.現代嘉絨語的啟示
    • 5.1同源程度
    • 5.2語法表現
      • 5.2.1位移動詞
      • 5.2.2詞彙化彈性
      • 5.2.3嘉絨語支動詞趨向可易性發展趨勢
  • 6.結語
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • List of abbreviations
  • References
References (64)
References
Arakawa, Shintaro. 2012. On the Tangut verb prefixes in ‘Tiansheng Code’. In Popova, Irina (ed.), Tanguts in Central Asia: A collection of articles marking the 80th anniversary of Prof. E. I. Kychanov Тангуты в Центральной Азии: сборник статей в честь 80-летия проф. Е.И.Кычанова, 58–71. Moscow: Oriental Literature.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2021. On the Tangut prefix 2da:-. Pis’mennye pamiatniki Vostoka 18(3). 64–73. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Arakawa, Shintaro & Ikeda, Takumi. 2022. Directional prefixes in Tangut and Mu-nya: A contrastive study. In Arakawa, Shintaro & Ikeda, Takumi (eds.), Grammatical phenomena of Sino-Tibetan languages 3: Functions of directional prefixes, 1–14. Kyoto: Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chang, Pei-Chi (張珮琪). 2020. Lun Xixiayu dongci di’erlei quxiang qianzhui 論西夏語動詞第二類趨向前綴. Xixiaxue 西夏學 211. 116–145.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chang, Pei-Chi. 2023. Evidentiality in the Tangut language. (Paper presented at International workshop: New perspectives on Tangut study: Language and script, Tokyo, 16 September 2023.)
Chirkova, Katia. 2012. The Qiangic subgroup from an areal perspective: A case study of languages of Muli. Language and Linguistics 13(1). 133–170.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect: An introduction to the study of verbal aspect and related problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gates, Jesse P. 2021. A grammar of Mazur Stau. Paris: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. (Doctoral dissertation.)
Gong, Hwang-cherng (龔煌城). 1993. Xixiayu de yinyun zhuanhuan yu goucifa 西夏語的音韻轉換與構詞法. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology 中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊 64(4). 936–948.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2001. Personal agreements and phonological alternations in the Tangut verb 西夏語動詞的人稱呼應與音韻轉換. Language and Linguistics 語言暨語言學 2(1). 21–67.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gong, Hwang-cherng. 2003. Tangut. In LaPolla, Randy J. & Thurgood, Graham (eds.), The Sino-Tibetan languages, 602–620. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gong, Xun. 2017. Verbs stems in Tangut and their orthography. SCRIPTA 91. 29–48.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2018a. A hypothesis on the nature of Tangut i/ə stem alternation. (Paper presented at Rencontre de Tangoutologie: Colloque internationale, Paris, 23–24 November 2018.)
. 2018b. Le rgyalrong zbu, une langue tibéto-birmane de Chine du Sud-ouest: Une étude descriptive, typologique et comparative. Paris: Institut national des langues et des civilisations orientales. (Doctoral dissertation.)
Honkasalo, Sami. 2019. A grammar of Eastern Geshiza: A culturally anchored description. Helsinki: University of Helsinki. (Doctoral dissertation.)
Jacques, Guillaume. 2007. Textes tangoutes I: Nouveau recueil sur l’amour parental et la piété filiale (Languages of the World/Text Collections 25). München: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2009. The origin of vowel alternations in the Tangut verb. Language and Linguistics 10(1). 17–27.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2011. The structure of the Tangut verb. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 39(2). 419–441.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2014. Esquisse de phonologie et de morphologie historique du tangoute. Leiden & Boston: Brill. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2016. Dictionnaire Japhug-Chinois-Français, version 1.0 ([URL]) (Accessed 2023-04-27.)
. 2021. A grammar of Japhug. Berlin: Language Science Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kepping, Ksenija B. 1982. Deictic motion verbs in Tangut. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 6(2). 77–82. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kepping, Ksenija B. (克平). 1984. The category of the direction of action in Tangut 唐古特語表示動作方向的範疇. Studies in Language and Linguistics 語言研究 21. 215–222.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kepping, Ksenija B. 1985. The Tangut language: Morphology Тангутский язык: Морфология. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lai, Yunfan. 2017. Grammaire du khroskyabs de Wobzi. Paris: Universite Paris 3–Sorbonne Nouvelle. (Doctoral dissertation.)
. 2021. Come is the new go: The evolution of stem alternation of basic motion verbs in Khroskyabs. Language and Linguistics 22(2). 337–374.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2023b. On plosive-nasal correspondences and alternations in Gyalrongic and their possible solutions. Cahiers de Linguistique-Asie Orientale 52(1). 1–39. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lai, Yunfan (賴雲帆). Forthcoming. Xixiayu de shengmu ruanhua yu Xibu Jiarong Yuzu de bijiao 西夏語的聲母軟化與西部嘉絨語組的比較. Xixiaxue 西夏學 301.
Lai, Yunfan & Gong, Xun & Gates, Jesse P. & Jacques, Guillaume. 2020. Tangut as a West Gyalrongic language. Folia Linguistica 54(41–s1). 171–203. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Li, Fanwen (李範文). 1997. Xia Han zidian 夏漢字典. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Li, Fanwen (李範文) & Lin, Xiangrong (林向榮). 1983. Shilun Jiarongyu yu daofuyu de guanxi — Jianlun Xixiayu yu Daofuyu, Jiarongyu, Zangyu de guanxi 試論嘉戎語與道孚語的關係—兼論西夏語與道孚語、嘉戎語、藏語的關係. In Xixia yanjiu lunji 西夏研究論集, 273–305. Yinchuan: Ningxia People Publishing House.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lin, Xiangrong (林向榮). 1993. Jiarongyu yanjiu 嘉戎語研究. Chengdu: Sichuan Minzu Chubanshe.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lin, Ying-chin (林英津). 1987. Sunzibingfa xixia yiben zhong suojian dongci citou de yufa gongneng 孫子兵法西夏譯本中所見動詞詞頭的語法功能. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica 中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊 58(2). 381–445.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lin, You-Jing. 2003. Tense and aspect morphology in the Zhuokeji rGyalrong verb. Cahiers de Linguistique-Asie Orientale 32(2). 245–286. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2017. How grammar encodes space in Cogtse Rgyalrong. Himalayan Linguistics 16(1). 59–83. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Liu, Shaohua (劉少華). 2022. A study of the third class of verbs in Tangut 西夏語における「第 3 類」動詞の対について. Journal of the Institute of Language Research 語学研究所論集 271. 95–104.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ma, Xiaofang (麻曉芳). 2020. The imperative mood of Tangut verb 西夏語動詞的命令式. Studies in Language and Linguistics 語言研究 40(2). 120–127.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2022. A revisit on plural suffixes of Tangut nouns 西夏語複數後綴芻議. Minority Languages of China 民族語文 42(3). 78–87.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nishida, Tatsuo (西田龍雄). 1966. Seikago no kenkyū: Seika-go no sai kōsei to seika moji no kaidoku 西夏語の研究: 西夏語の再構成と西夏文字の解読, vol. 21. Tokyo: Zayoubao Publishing Association.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1986. A study of the Hsihsia poem Yue yue le shi 西夏語『月々樂詩』の研究. Memoirs of the Faculty of Letters, Kyoto University 京都大學文學部研究紀要 251. 1–116.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1989. Seikago 西夏語. In Kamei, Takashi (亀井孝) & Kōno, Rokurō (河野六郎) & Chino, Eiichi (千野栄一) (eds.), The Sanseido encyclopedia of linguistics volume 2 sekai gengo-hen (chū) 言語學大辭典第二卷世界言語篇(中), 408–429. Tokyo: Sanseidō.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2004. 西夏語文法新探. In Lin, Ying-chin (林英津) & Hsu, Fang-min (徐芳敏) & Lee, Chun-chih (李存智) & Yang, Hsiu-fang (楊秀芳) & Sun, Jackson T.-S. (孫天心) & Ho, Dah-an (何大安) (eds.), Studies on Sino-Tibetan languages: Papers in honor of Professor Hwang-cherng Gong on his seventieth birthday 漢藏語研究: 龔煌城先生七秩壽慶論文集, 353–381. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2012. Seikago kenkyu shinron 西夏語研究新論. Kyoto: Shoukadoh.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
O’Connor, Loretta. 2007. Motion, transfer and transformation: The grammar of change in Lowland Chontal (Studies in Language Companion Series 95). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Prins, Marielle. 2016. A grammar of rGyalrong Jiǎomùzú (Kyom-kyo) dialects. Leiden: Brill. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Shi, Jinbo (史金波) & Huang, Zhenhua (黃振華) & Nie, Hongyin (聶鴻音). 1993. Leilin yanjiu 類林研究. Yinchuan: Ningxia People Publishing House.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Shirai, Satoko. 2009. Directional prefixes in nDrapa and neighboring languages: An areal feature of Western Sichuan. Senri Ethnological Studies 751. 7–20.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2020. A geolinguistic study of directional prefixes in the Qiangic language area. Himalayan Linguistics 19(1). 365–392. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sun, Hongkai (孫宏開). 1981. The directive category of verb in Qiang language 羌語動詞的趨向範疇. Minority Languages of China 民族語文 11. 34–42.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1991. From lexical comparison to observe the relationship of Xixia language and Qiang branch language of Tibeto-Burman group 從詞彙比較看西夏語與藏緬語族羌語支的關係. Minority Languages of China 民族語文 2(1). 1–11.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1997. On imperative mood of Tibeto-Burman languages 論藏緬語動詞的命令式. Minority Languages of China 民族語文 61. 10–20.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2001. On language of the Qiangic branch in Tibeto-Burman 論藏緬語族中的羌語支語言. Language and Linguistics 語言暨語言學 2(1). 157–181.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sun, Jackson T.-S. 2000. Parallelism in the verb morphology of Sidaba rGyalrong and Lavrung in rGyarongic. Language and Linguistics 1(1). 161–190.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2017. Caodeng rGyalrong. In Thurgood, Graham & LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.), The Sino-Tibetan languages, 557–571. 2nd edn. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Talmy, Leonard. 2000. Toward a cognitive semantics, vol. I: Concept structuring systems. Cambridge: The MIT Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Yang, Chih-Fan (楊之帆). 2021. The morpho-syntax of tense, aspect, evidentiality and modality in Bawang Horpa 巴旺霍爾語時、體、示證、情態範疇的形態句法. Taipei: National Taiwan University. (Doctoral dissertation.)
Zhang, Shuya. 2018. Stem alternations in the Brag-bar dialect of Situ Rgyalrong. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 41(2). 294–330. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2020. Le rgyalrong situ de Brag-bar et sa contribution à la typologie de l’expression des relations spatiales: L’orientation et le mouvement associé. Paris: Institut National des Langues et des Civilisations Orientales. (Doctoral dissertation.)
. 2022. Indefinite direction and associated motion prefixes in the Brag-bar dialect of Situ Rgyalrong. In Arakawa, Shintaro & Ikeda, Takumi (eds.), Grammatical phenomena of Sino-Tibetan languages 3: Function of directional prefixes, 125–152. Kyoto: Kyoto University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2023. Towards a new generalisation of the tri-axial orientation system in Situ Rgyalrong. Transactions of the Philological Society 121(2). 203–225. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zhang, Shuya (章舒婭). 2024a. Lun Xixiayu quxiang qianzhui dja2- de yufahua: Wanzhengti yu feiwanzhengti tongxing zhi xingcheng 論西夏語趨向前綴 𗞞4342 dja 2- 的語法化: 完整體與非完整體同形之形成. Xixiaxue 西夏學 291. 96–128.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zhang, Shuya. 2024b. Revisiting the Tangut directional prefix 𗭊·jij1-. Archive Orientální 92(2). 351–382. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue