實現—能力

以往學者對古藏語和經典藏語動詞系統的分類和描述，主要建立在以「及物性｣、｢自主性｣、｢時體｣、｢語氣/式」和「語態」這幾個範疇為核心的框架之上。本文則意在深入考察藏語動詞中另一個關注較少的重要範疇，我們稱之為「實現—能力」(realization-potential)範疇。語義上，該範疇表達「實現目的、結果」和「能力、可能性」這兩種互相關聯的意義；形式上，該範疇與時體、語氣/式和語態範疇類似，其典型的動詞成員有專門的的詞幹形態變化來表達特定語義。本文旨在前人研究的基礎上，從語義、形態兩處入手對該範疇及相關動詞做一番較為全面的考察。語義方面，通過藉助「事件整合理論」的分析，我們認為該範疇和相關動詞表達實現(realization)類事件和「實現目的、結果」語義；並且這種基本語義在非現實(irrealis)的情境下獲得了「潛能、可能性」義，又進一步泛化為能力情態。此外，我們在分析了「實現—能力」範疇與自主性、及物性的關係後，發現它本身作為一個顯著的語義範疇基本上涵蓋藏語的及物非自主類動詞，但又並不重合。形態方面，我們的初步構擬表明該類動詞形式與命令式的來源不同，但是在某個歷史階段發生了大量的類推，導致這兩者「貌合神離」的情形。

In general, the Old Tibetan and Written Tibetan verb system can be categorized in terms of transitivity and controllability, as well as in terms of tense, mood, and voice. What is still controversial and has received less attention is a special verb category that semantically expresses the meanings of realization of purpose, result and ability, potential, and morphologically has a particular derivational verb form, which we shall call the realization-potential category. Based on previous studies of Written Tibetan verbs, this paper aims to examine this category and relevant verbs in a more comprehensive way from both semantic and morphological aspects. By examining this category through Talmy’s Event Integration theory, we argue that it expresses realization event semantics, and that this basic semantics is further generalized to the ability modality by acquiring the meaning of ‘potential, possibility’ in the context of irrealis. At the same time, we analyzed the semantic aspect of realization-potential in relation to transitivity and controllability, and found that the meaning of realization-potential category itself is a distinct semantic category which basically covers the transitive non-controlable verbs of Written Tibetan, and thus it is necessary to propose realization-potential as an independent category in Written Tibetan verbs. In terms of morphology, our evidence suggests that such verbs are of a different origin from the imperative. However, a large number of analogies occurred at some point in history, resulting in a similiarity between the two types of verbs.