從類同到情態

本文贊同音變的觀點，認為副詞「也」來自副詞「亦」，並將兩者視為一詞。藉由文獻語料的分析，可以觀察到最早出現在中古漢語裡的副詞「也」如何承襲上古漢語裡副詞「亦」原有的用法，並在近代以後持續發展，逐漸成為現代漢語裡的高頻副詞。依照副詞「也」本身的功能，可將其用法重新分為兩類：在類同用法裡，副詞「也」具有類同追加義，可將類同義指向左方的主語或話題，右方的賓語或謂語，以及整個句子所表達的命題，並且有追加新信息的功能。在情態用法裡，副詞「也」原有的類同義或者保留，或者丟失，但都藉由語境吸收，衍生出反預期的情態義，並可根據預期的來源再分為兩類：違反說話者預期、違反聽話者預期。副詞「也」的用法之所以能從類同發展到情態有兩個關鍵因素：一是當副詞「也」指向左方的主語或話題時，類同項可以隱含在說話者的認知中，使得副詞「也」的關聯項受到強調；二是出現在違反說話者或聽話者預期的語境裡，讓副詞「也」得以從中吸收反預期的情態義。

This article supports the view that sound changes occur in language and argues that the adverb 也 yě originated from the adverb 亦 yì and should be treated as a single word. Through an analysis of literary language materials, it has been observed that the earliest appearance of the adverb 也 yě in Middle Chinese had inherited the original usage of the adverb 亦 yì in Old Chinese and continued to evolve in Early Mandarin Chinese, gradually becoming a high-frequency adverb in Modern Chinese. According to the function of the adverb 也 yě itself, its usage can be divided into two categories. In the category of similarity usage, the adverb 也 has a meaning of similarity and can point to the subject or topic to the left, the object or predicate to the right, or the proposition expressed by the whole sentence. It also has the function of adding new information. In the category of modal usage, the meaning of similarity of the original adverb 也 yě may be retained or lost but can be absorbed by the context, resulting in unexpected modal meanings. These modal meanings can be further divided into two categories based on their source: violating either the speaker’s expectation or the listener’s expectation. The reason why the usage of the adverb 也 yě can develop from similarity to modal involves two key factors. First, when the adverb 也 yě points to the subject or topic to the left, the item of similarity can be implicitly implied in the speaker’s cognition, making the associated item of the adverb 也 yě emphasized. Second, when it appears in a context that violates either the speaker or listener’s expectation, the adverb 也 yě can absorb unexpected modal meanings.