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Article published In: Language and Linguistics
Vol. 25:3 (2024) ► pp.535–575

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重慶方言句末語氣詞的意義功能及結構

 | The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
ORCiD logo with link | The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
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Published online: 2 July 2024
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https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00157.hsu
抽象的
本文分析重慶方言中七個句末語氣詞各自獨特的核心意義和功能並論證它們的結構位置。我們認為重慶方言的句末語氣詞可以分為三大類，符合Rizzi, Luigi. 1997. The fine structure of the left periphery. In Haegeman, Liliane (ed.), Elements of grammar: Handbook in generative syntax, 281–337. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar與Paul, Waltraud. 2014. Why particles are not particular: Sentence-final particles in Chinese as heads of a split CP. Studia Linguistica 68(1). 77–115. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar的CP分裂假說，它們在結構上分別在不同功能層中佔據中心語位置，其中重慶話的「lao」和普通話句末語氣詞「了」用法相同且佔據相同的位置，標示句子的限定性。「mai」、「ha」、「suo」三個疑問語氣詞標示疑問句，選擇陳述句為補足語構成是非問句，作為定義句子類型的Force中心語；但這三個疑問語氣詞分別表達命題和說話人預設之間不同的關聯。對於語法文獻中較少討論、與語篇相關的三個篇章語氣詞本文中也特別一併分析它們的語義及結構限制。本文主張重慶方言中篇章語氣詞在結構上受句法限制較小，因此可以運用在不同句子類型中，但語氣詞各有其核心語義：「haPRAG」用來緩和語氣，「sa」表示確認，「dema」是提示對話雙方的共知背景信息。重慶方言的考察對於語法本體研究中較少討論的篇章語氣詞提供了豐富有趣的資料。本研究的結果為CP分裂假說提供了跨語言的一致性的支持。此外，本文對不同類型語氣詞的核心語義的判定也可為未來研究漢語其他方言之間的區別與共性，或是對其他同樣有豐富句末語氣詞的語言研究及跨語言對比研究提供一定的基礎。
Abstract
Functions and syntax of sentence-final particles in Chongqing dialect
This study investigates the syntax and the semantic functions of seven sentence-final particles in Chongqing dialect, a regional language spoken in the southwestern areas in Mainland China. Our study supports the classic ternary classification of sentence-final particles (SFPs) for Chinese languages proposed by Zhu, Dexi (朱德熙). 1982. Yufa jiangyi 語法講義. Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar as well as Paul, Waltraud. 2014. Why particles are not particular: Sentence-final particles in Chinese as heads of a split CP. Studia Linguistica 68(1). 77–115. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar analysis of the Mandairn SFPs. In this paper, we show that lao in Chongqing dialect is very similar to its Mandairn counterpart le in syntax and semantic functions, and that three question particles (mai, ha, and suo), while all marking yes/no questions in Chongqing dialect, each expresses a specific association about a speaker’s perspective toward the statement’s value. Then we present our analyses of the functions of three understudied discourse SFPs, sa, dema and haPRAG. We show that each of the discourse related particles has its specific semantic core, and that they are compatible with multiple types of clauses, suggesting that their main fucntion is for pragmatic purposes, and therefore these particles are less constrained by syntax. The result of this study provides a new cross-linguistic support to Rizzi, Luigi. 1997. The fine structure of the left periphery. In Haegeman, Liliane (ed.), Elements of grammar: Handbook in generative syntax, 281–337. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar split-CP hypothesis, based on a less studied Chinese language, Chongqing dialect. The semantic cores proposed for each SFP in this language may provide a basis for future studies on SFPs in other Chinese languages and/or other languages with a rich SFP system.
Article outline
  • 1.引言
  • 2.「lao」語義和結構位置
    • 2.1重慶話「lao」的語義
    • 2.2「lao」和「了」的結構位置
      • 2.2.1「了」/「lao」與無定疑問詞之間的轄域關係(scope)
      • 2.2.2「了」/「lao」跟「不」、「不是」之間的轄域關係
      • 2.2.3「了」/「lao」與「還是」(disjunction)選擇問句之間的關係
      • 2.2.4「了」/「lao」的結構位置
  • 3.疑問語氣詞
    • 3.1重慶話中的是非問句
    • 3.2疑問語氣詞的意義及功能
    • 3.3疑問語氣詞的結構位置
  • 4.句末篇章語氣詞
    • 4.1緩和語氣：「haPRAG」
    • 4.2表示確認：「sa」
    • 4.3提示共知背景：「dema」
  • 5.結語
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
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