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Article published In: Language and Linguistics
Vol. 24:2 (2023) ► pp.216–268

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The anatomy of Chinese Superlative Modifiers

The case of Q-adjectives

ORCiD logo with link | National Chengchi University
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Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

Published online: 9 April 2023
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https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00130.che
Abstract
This paper studies the morpho-semantics of a particular class of scalar focus adverbs called Superlative Modifiers (SMs). One key feature of these scalar focus adverbs is that they bear degree morphology, along with gradable adjectives involved. Most analyses of SMs in the market do not take into consideration the semantic contributions of their morphology. However, the cross-linguistic facts strongly suggest that the morphological makeup of SMs cannot simply be a linguistic coincidence. Thus, SMs have posed a long-standing and intriguing morpho-semantic puzzle: Why do SMs morphologically involve a quantity adjective (Q-adjective) and the superlative morpheme? What is the role of Q-adjectives and the superlative morpheme inside SMs? How are these morphological pieces of SMs connected with their semantics? This paper is dedicated to these questions by focusing on two expressions of Mandarin SMs, zui-duo and zui-shao (which morphologically consist of only the superlative morpheme zui and a quantity adjective duo ‘many/much’ or shao ‘few/little’), and presents a decompositional analysis of both expressions as modified superlatives.
If the proposed analysis is on the right track, it shows that insights and tools developed in studies on gradability (Kennedy, Christopher. 1999. Projecting the adjectives: The syntax and semantics of gradability and comparison. New York: Routledge. (First published by Garland Publishing Inc.)Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar) can be applied to those on scalarity. Recently, Greenberg (Greenberg, Yael. 2016. A novel problem for the likelihood-based semantics of even. Semantics and Pragmatics 91. 1–28. (Article no. 2.) Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; . 2017. A revised, gradability-based semantics for even. Natural Language Semantics 26(1). 51–83. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar) has argued for a gradability-based semantics of English even. This paper contributes to this growing research agenda, through a detailed case study of SMs, a class of scalar focus adverbs but bearing degree morphology and gradable adjectives. Moreover, this paper also deepens our understanding of the semantics of Q-adjectives. By studying SMs, this paper shows that the measured domain of Q-adjectives need not be structured by the part-of relation, but rather the natural ordering on the relevant domain. Crucially, this updated view on Wellwood’s (Wellwood, Alexis. 2014. Measuring predicates. College Park: University of Maryland, College Park. (Doctoral dissertation.); . 2015. On the semantics of comparison across categories. Linguistics and Philosophy 38(1). 67–101. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar) semantics of Q-adjectives leads us to their differential uses and ultimately a unified account of Q-adjectives.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Basic facts
  • 3.Theoretical assumptions
    • 3.1The representation of focus
    • 3.2The semantics of Q-adjectives
    • 3.3The theory of superlatives
    • 3.4The Containment Hypothesis
  • 4.The proposal
    • 4.1The anatomy of zui-duo
      • 4.1.1Compositions: Superlative Modifiers (zui-duo)
      • 4.1.2Compositions: Quantity Superlatives (zui-duo)
    • 4.2The anatomy of zui-shao
      • 4.2.1Compositions: Superlative Modifiers (zui-shao)
      • 4.2.2Compositions: Quantity Superlatives (zui-shao)
  • 5.Implications
    • 5.1Two types of semantic parallels
    • 5.2Toward a “unified” semantics of Q-adjectives
    • 5.3SMs in languages beyond Mandarin Chinese
  • 6.Concluding remarks
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
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