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Article published In: Language and Linguistics
Vol. 23:3 (2022) ► pp.451–491

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古漢語言說動詞「道」的語法化和詞彙化

 | National Taiwan Normal University
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Published online: 13 July 2022
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https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00112.kuo
抽象的
本文從歷時觀點完整梳理言說動詞「道」在漢語史中的語法化和詞彙化，就具體詞例一一探討「X道」的生成途徑。由於詞義的抽象化，表認知義的「道」在「V道」格式中快速地語法化，並且開始有了複合詞「X道」的產生，這兩種演化路線共同交織出「道」的近代發展史。相較於漢語其他言說動詞的虛化演變，「道」的詞彙化可謂特別發達。當「道」一路語法化為附著詞屬性的標補詞，期間陸續有「V道」詞彙化的例子增生；而連詞、副詞與「道」複合成「X道」的詞例越多，就越容易重新分析出「道」這個構詞成分。漢語受孤立語類型特徵的限制，雖沒有典型的屈折形態語素，但不完全形態化的語素應是有的，依附於詞或短語的「道」即是一個顯明的例證。
On the grammaticalization and lexicalization of the classical Chinese saying verb dao 道
By examining the formation of “X-dao 道” on a case-by-case basis, this paper offers a diachronic overview of the grammaticalization and lexicalization of the saying verb dao. The increasing abstraction of dao’s semantic content enabled the cognition verb dao to grammaticalize rapidly in the phrasal construction “V-dao”, and the compound word template “X-dao” also began to appear. These two trends played decisive roles in dao’s development from the Early Modern period onward. Compared to other saying verbs in Chinese, dao was especially prone to lexicalization. As dao grammaticalized into a clitic-like complementizer, more and more tokens of “V-dao” were being lexicalized. In addition, as conjunctions and adverbs were increasingly compounded with dao to form compound units, the clitic-like dao began to thrive through reanalysis. As an isolating language, Chinese may lack typical inflectional affixes, but morphemes which are not completely morphologicalized still exist in Chinese. Dao, cliticized to either words or phrases, is one such example.
Article outline
  • 1.前言
  • 2.文獻回顧
  • 3.「道」的語法化
    • 3.1言說動詞＞引語動詞
    • 3.2引語動詞＞引語標記
      • 3.2.1「道」後置於言說動詞(saying verbs)
      • 3.2.2「道」後置於認知動詞(cognitive verbs)
    • 3.3引語標記＞標補詞
      • 3.3.1「道」後置於感官動詞(perception verbs)
      • 3.3.2「道」後置於情感動詞(emotion verbs)
      • 3.3.3「道」後置於情態動詞(modal verbs)
    • 3.4標補詞「道」的定性思考
    • 3.5「道」在語法化過程中所發生的詞彙化
      • 「知道」
      • 「信道」
      • 「怪道」
  • 4.「X道」的詞彙化
    • 4.1唐宋成詞之例
      • 4.1.1連詞「X道」
        • 「若道」
        • 「雖道」
        • 「縱道」
        • 「況道」
      • 4.1.2副詞「X道」
        • 「惟道／不惟道」
        • 「不成道」
    • 4.2元以後成詞之例
      • 「便道／便做道／更做道／更則道」
      • 「暢道／唱道／暢好道／常好道」
      • 「幾曾道／何曾道／不曾道」
      • 「怕不道」
      • 「做甚道」
      • 「擅便道」
    • 4.3情態動詞與「道」的詞彙化
  • 5.結論
  • 謝辭
  • 笔记
  • 參考文獻
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