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Article published In: Language and Linguistics
Vol. 21:4 (2020) ► pp.513–558

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Numeral base, numeral classifier, and noun

Word order harmonization

 | CNRS | University Lyon 2
 | National Chengchi University
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Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

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Published online: 18 October 2020
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https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00069.all
Abstract
Greenberg (Greenberg, Joseph H. 1990a. Generalizations about numeral systems. In Denning, Keith M. & Kemmer, Suzanne (eds.), On language: Selected writings of Joseph H. Greenberg, 271–309. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar: 292) suggests that classifiers (clf) and numeral bases tend to harmonize in word order, i.e. a numeral (Num) with a base-final [n base] order appears in a clf-final [Num clf] order, e.g. in Mandarin Chinese, san1-bai3 (three hundred) ‘300’ and san1 zhi1 gou3 (three clf animal dog) ‘three dogs’, and a base-initial [base n] Num appears in a clf-initial [clf Num] order, e.g. in Kilivila (Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic), akatu-tolu (hundred three) ‘300’ and na-tolu yena (clf animal-three fish) ‘three fish’. In non-classifier languages, base and noun (N) tend to harmonize in word order. We propose that harmonization between clf and N should also obtain. A detailed statistical analysis of a geographically and phylogenetically weighted set of 400 languages shows that the harmonization of word order between numeral bases, classifiers, and nouns is statistically highly significant, as only 8.25% (33/400) of the languages display violations, which are mostly located at the meeting points between head-final and head-initial languages, indicating that language contact is the main factor in the violations to the probabilistic universals.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Literature review
  • 3.Methodology
    • 3.1Numeral base
    • 3.2Numeral classifier
    • 3.3Order of the numeral and the noun
  • 4.Statistical analysis
    • 4.1Numeral base and order between the numeral and the noun
    • 4.2Numeral base and numeral classifier
    • 4.3Classifier and order between the numeral and the noun
    • 4.4Overview and preliminary analysis
  • 5.Discussion
    • 5.1Examples of word order harmonization
    • 5.2Examples of word order disharmonization in classifier languages
    • 5.3Examples of word order disharmonization in non-classifier languages
    • 5.4Summary
  • 6.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
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