邢臺話「了₁」的兩個變體 (The verbal-LE variants in Xingtai dialect)

河北邢臺話的動後時體詞「了₁」有兩個語音形式：強變體「咾 [lau]」和弱變體「囒 [læ͊]」，二者在很大程度上是條件變體。經考察，漢語「了₁」的使用受制於謂語的整體屬性（現實性狀況、話語地位）和謂語的構件屬性（賓語類型、動詞類型）兩大類語法因素，而邢臺話「了₁」兩變體的分佈同樣受制於這些因素：謂語的整體屬性決定「了₁」兩變體分佈的基本格局，謂語的構件屬性決定既定的「咾」或「囒」可換為另一變體的特殊情況。各項語法因素制約「了₁」變體的作用強度存在一個優先等級「現實性狀況＞話語地位＞賓語類型＞動詞類型」。最重要的是，「了₁」兩變體的分佈呈現出一個顯著的態勢：某語法環境中「了₁」的句法自由度越高，則越排斥強變體「咾」、越接受弱變體「囒」。由此可對其他方言「了₁」變體的分佈態勢提出多項理論預測，該現象也反映出北方漢語的「了₁」是一個複雜的語法異質語素。本文「了₁」的語法分析範式應有助於深入發掘漢語方言「了₁」語素的事實，並推進對多項理論問題的認識。

In the Xingtai dialect (i.e. Jilu Mandarin spoken in Hebei Province), verbal LE 了has two phonetic variants, i.e. a strong one 咾 [lau] and a weak one 囒 [læ͊], and they are conditional variants in the sense that the replacement of one by the other in most contexts will cause ungrammaticality. It is found that the use of verbal-LE variants is subject to the following grammatical factors: the realis/irrealis nature of situation, the discourse status of VP, the type of object, the type of verb. Their effective strength on conditioning the use of verbal LE just forms a priority hierarchy: {realis/irrealis nature of situation > discourse status of VP > object type > verb type}. Most importantly, the use of verbal-LE variants is closely related with the syntactic freedom of verbal LE; that is, in a syntactic context, if verbal LE can co-occur with more types of object and verb as well as sentential LE, then the weak LE is more likely to be used and the strong LE is disfavored. The analysis of verbal LE in the Xingtai dialect not only leads to several predictions about the use of verbal-LE variants in other dialects, but also reflects the fact that verbal LE in Northern Chinese is a morpheme heterogeneous in categorical status, representing different stages in the process of grammaticalization. In general, an in-depth exploration of verbal LE in dialects can greatly enhance our understanding of this important word of Chinese.