In:Scientific Approaches to Literature in Learning Environments
Edited by Michael Burke, Olivia Fialho and Sonia Zyngier
[Linguistic Approaches to Literature 24] 2016
► pp. 19–38
Chapter 2. Learning from literature
Empirical research on readers in schools and at the workplace
Published online: 22 July 2016
https://doi.org/10.1075/lal.24.02hak
https://doi.org/10.1075/lal.24.02hak
This chapter explores what learning from literature entails and how we can come to insights about what literature can mean in the lives of readers, what they may discover about themselves and others. Reading literary stories leads to higher scores on standardized tests for social skills (e.g., ‘reading’ other peoples’ minds) than reading non-literary stories (Kidd & Castano, 2013). The available research, however, does not inform us about what causes these effects, relevant knowledge for a variety of social contexts, including literary education and social competence trainings (e.g., for managers). We explore the methodological possibilities and limitations to test our assumptions about relevant factors, conducting interdisciplinary research by combining insights of the Humanities in textual processes with the methodological rigor of the Social Sciences.
Keywords: empathy, fictionality, literariness, narrativity, self-reflection
References (47)
Altmann, U., Bohrn, I.C., Lubrich, O., Menninghaus, W., & Jacobs, A.M. (2014). Fact vs fiction. How paratextual information shapes our reading process. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 22-29.
Alvarez, J.L., & Merchan, C. (1992). The role narrative fiction in the development of imagination for action. International Studies of Management & Organization, 22, 27-45.
Bal, P.M., & Veltkamp, M. (2013). How does fiction reading influence empathy? An experimental investigation on the role of emotional transportation. PloSone, 8(1), e55341.
Bal, P.M., Butterman, O.S., & Bakker, A.B. (2011). The influence of fictional narrative experience on work outcomes: A conceptual analysis and research model. Review of General Psychology, 15(4), 361-370.
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test” revised version: A study with normal adults, adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 241-251.
Bird, J.J. (1984). Effects of fifth graders' attitudes and critical thinking/reading skills resulting from a Junior Great Book Program. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Rutgers University.
Bortolussi, M., & Dixon, P. (2003). Psychonarratology. Foundations for the empirical study of literary response. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brokerhof, I. (In preparation). Uses of narrative fiction in the workplace: Changes in self and social perceptions. PhD project, Free University of Amsterdam.
Fialho, O. (2012). Self-modifying experiences in literary reading: A model for reader response. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Alberta.
Fialho, O., Miall, D.S., & Zyngier, S. (2012). Experiencing or interpreting literature: Wording instructions. In M. Burke, S. Csábi, L. Week, & J. Zerkowitz (Eds.), Pedagogical stylistics: Current trends in language, literature and ELT (pp. 58-74). London: Continuum.
Fialho, O., Zyngier, S., & Miall, D.S. (2011). Interpretation and experience: Two pedagogical interventions observed. English in Education, 45(3), 236-253.
Gerrig, R.J. (1993). Experiencing narrative worlds: On the psychological activities of reading. New Haven: Yale UP.
Green, M., Garst, J. & Brock, T. (2004). The power of fiction: Determinants and boundaries. In L.J. Shrum (Ed.), The psychology of media entertainment. Blurring the lines between entertainment and persuasion (pp. 161-176). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hakemulder, F., & van Peer, W. (2015). Empirical stylistics. In A companion to stylistics, V. Sotirova (Ed.). London: Continuum.
Hakemulder, J. (2000). The moral laboratory: Experiments examining the effects of reading literature on social perception and moral self-concept. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Henrich, J., Heine, S. & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 61‐83.
Johnson, D.R. (2012). Transportation into a story increases empathy, prosocial behavior, and perceptual bias toward fearful expressions. Personality and Individual Differences 52(2): 150-155.
. (2013). Transportation into literary fiction reduces prejudice against and increases empathy for Arab-Muslims. Scientific Study of Literature, 3, 77–92.
Kidd, D.C., & Castano, E. (2013). Reading literary fiction improves theory of mind. Science, 342, 377-380.
Koek, M. (In preparation). Literature as school for thinking; A study of a new, critical-learning based approach to literary education in high school. PhD dissertation. University of Amsterdam.
Koopman, E.M. (2015). Empathic reactions after reading: The role of genre, personal factors and affective responses. Poetics, 50, 62-79.
. (In press). Effects of “literariness” on emotions and on empathy and reflection after reading. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts.
. (In preparation). Reading suffering. An empirical inquiry into affective and reflective responses to narratives about mental pain. PhD dissertation. Erasmus University Rotterdam.
Koopman, E.M., & Hakemulder, F. (2015). Effects of literature on empathy and self-reflection: A theoretical-empirical framework. Journal of Literary Theory, 9, 79-111.
Kuiken, D. (2009). A theory of expressive reading. In S. Zyngier et al. (eds.), Directions in empirical literary studies (pp. 49-68). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Press.
Kuiken, D., Miall, D.S., & Sikora, S. (2004). Forms of self-implication in literary reading. Poetics Today, 25(2), 171-203.
Kuijpers, M.M. (2014). Absorbing stories: The effects of textual devices on absorption and evaluative responses. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Utrecht University.
Leverage, P., Mancing, H., Schweickert, R., & Marston William, J. (Eds.) (2011). Theory of Mind and literature. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press.
Mar, R.A., Oatley, K., & Peterson, J.B. (2009). Exploring the link between reading fiction and empathy: Ruling out individual differences and examining outcomes. Communications: EJCR 34(4), 407-428.
Miall, D.S., & Kuiken, D. (1994). Foregrounding, defamiliarization, and affect: Response to literary stories. Poetics, 22, 389-407.
. (1995). Aspects of literary response: A new questionnaire. Research in the Teaching of English, 29(1), 37-58.
Oatley, K. (1999). Why fiction may be twice as true as fact: Fiction as cognitive and emotional simulation. Review of General Psychology, 3(2), 101-117.
Reinhart, A.M., & Feeley, T.H. (2007). Comparing the persuasive effects of narrative versus statistical messages: A meta-analytic review. Paper presented at the
annual meeting of the NCA 93rd Annual Convention, TBA
, Chicago, IL Online <PDF>. Accessed 15 December 2013 from: <[URL]>
Rhodes, C., & Brown, A.D. (2005). Narrative, organizations and research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 7(3), 167-188.
Richell, R.A., Mitchell, D.G.V., Newman, C., Leonard, A., Baron-Cohen, S., & Blair, R.J.R. (2003). Theory of Mind and psychopathy: Can psychopathic individuals read the “language of the eyes”? Neuropsychologia, 41, 523-526.
Sahtoe, A. (2011). Invloed van fictiebeleving op empathie & OCB op de werkvloer [Impact of fiction experience on empathy and OCB in the workplace]. Unpublished MA thesis.
Sikora, S., Kuiken, D., & Miall, D.S. (2011). Expressive reading: A phenomenological study of readers’ experience of Coleridge’s “Rime of the Ancient Mariner.” Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 5, 258-268.
van Peer, W. (Ed.) (2011). The future of scientific study of literature. Special issue of Scientific Study of Literature 1(1).
van Peer, W., Hakemulder, F., & Zyngier, S. (2012). Scientific methods for the humanities. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Cited by (11)
Cited by 11 other publications
Willems, Roel M.
Hakemulder, Frank
Wirag, Andreas
Bladon, Henry
Bracher, Mark, Deborah Barnbaum, Michael Byron, Tammy Clewell, Nancy Docherty, Françoise Massardier-Kenney, David Pereplyotchik, Susan Roxburgh & Elizabeth Smith-Pryor
Fialho, Olivia & Anezka Kuzmicova
Schrijvers, Marloes, Tanja Janssen, Olivia Fialho & Gert Rijlaarsdam
Kuzmičová, Anežka, Anne Mangen, Hildegunn Støle & Anne Charlotte Begnum
Whiteley, Sara & Patricia Canning
Bálint, Katalin, Frank Hakemulder, Moniek M. Kuijpers, Miruna M. Doicaru & Ed S. Tan
[no author supplied]
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 25 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
