Epistemics of the Virtual

Figure links

DOI: 10.1075/lal.12.additional

Introduction
Figure 1.	Amber snail infected by a flatworm that tries to make tentacles look like caterpillars. a. http://www.bogleech.com/nature/leuc.jpg b. http://www.bio-forum.pl/cgi-local/board-auth.cgi?file=/33/76118.jpg&type=image/jpeg
Figure 2.	Non-human make-belief. Mimicry of the hawk-moth caterpillar.
Chapter 1. The reality–fiction friction
Figure 1.	Rhesus baby prefers comfort over lactation.
Figure 2.	The White-tip shark of science serviced by the pilot fish of deconstruction.
Figure 3.	An inconvenient truth. “What gets us into trouble is not what we don’t know. It’s what we know for sure that just ain’t so.” Al Gore cites Mark Twain.
Figure 4.	The Assurancetourix complex: ‘I am a genius, the others are barbarians.’ (Goscinny & Uderzo, 1967, p. 8; see also Goscinny & Uderzo, 1972, p. 48).
Figure 5.	Alien creatures in virtual worlds. Serious predictions of extraterrestrial life based on different parameters than Earth’s (Big Wave Productions Ltd.).
Figure 6.	Craniofacial duplicate regarded as Hindu deity
Figure 8.	Van Meegeren’s Woman Reading Music (1935–1936) is regarded as fraudulous art: fiction qualified as false.
Figure 9.	From a Hindu perspective, Ganesh is part of reality because his head reflects the soul, which is truly existent.
Figure 10.	Joseph Carey Merrick (19th century), who suffered from Proteus syndrome, commonly called elephantiasis (a). The Elephant Man (Lynch, 1980). Based on Joseph Carey Merrick, John Hurt played the character John Merrick (b). a. http://www.phreeque.com/josephmerrick3.jpg b. http://blogs.whatsontv.co.uk/movietalk/wp-content/gallery/elephant-man/elephant-man-free1.jpg
Figure 11.	Evolution, science, or collage (a, b, c)? a. http://www.animalpicturesarchive.com/ArchOLD-6/1137122544.jpg b. http://bioteach.ubc.ca/TeachingResources/Genetics/Mouse&Ear.jpg c. http://rookery.s3.amazonaws.com/957000/957243_b2db_625x1000.jpg
Figure 12.	Two transparent frogs. One natural, one artificial (a, b). a. http://www.abc.net.au/reslib/200709/r187351_699195.jpg b. http://www.snakeman1982.com/images/Hyalinobatracium%20bergeri%201.jpg
Chapter 2. Enforcing the concepts: Genre labeling
Figure 2.	Elliot Carver: “Soon I’ll have reached out to and influenced more people than anybody in the history of this planet, save God himself. And the best he ever managed was the Sermon on the Mount.”
Figure 3.	Animals that record their lives have no author intentions, yet produce fiction, albeit of a hyperrealistic nature. Snail with videocam (a). Award winning photographer cat (b). a. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39848000/jpg/_39848353_snail_bbc_203long.jpg b. http://www.shinyshiny.tv/catcam.jpg
Figure 4.	Mixed-reality taxonomy (Milgram & Kishino, 1994).
Figure 5.	Quasimodo. Believable fantasy, lightly taken as reality simulation.
Figure 6.	Reality-based genre classification inserted into the fiction-reality framework (a, b, c, d). a. http://www.phreeque.com/josephmerrick3.jpg b. http://blogs.whatsontv.co.uk/movietalk/wp-content/gallery/elephant-man/elephant-man-free1.jpg c. http://www.cs.rochester.edu/users/faculty/nelson/courses/csc_200/ganesh/ganesh2.gif d. http://fsa.zedge.net/content/1/4/1/2/2-627092-1412-t.jpg
Chapter 3. Derailing the concepts: From metamorphosis to impersonation to metaphor
Figure 1.	Hawk-moth caterpillar (a) and crocoworm (b). CrocoWorm photoshopped by Favardin a. http://www.animalpicturesarchive.com/ArchOLD-6/1137122544.jpg b. http://rookery.s3.amazonaws.com/937000/937201_92d0_625x1000.jpg
Figure 2.	Becoming medusa.
Figure 3.	Eel metamorphosis (photo by Uwe Kils) (a, b). a. http://www.ices.dk/marineworld/photogallery/ell-lifecircle-big.gif b. http://www.ices.dk/marineworld/photogallery/larvae-eel.gif
Figure 4.	From lizard into bird.
Figure 5.	Indian leaf butterfly (a) and the European fly orchid (b). a. http://www.sciencemusings.com/blog/images/deadleaf.jpg b. http://www.crackedlens.co.uk/catalogue/ophrys_insectifera/ophrys_insectifera.jpg
Figure 6.	Anemone (a) and sheephead fish (b). a. http://www.starfish.ch/photos/fishes-Fische/damselfishes-Riffbarsche/Amphiprion-ocellaris11.jpg b. http://www.cabrillomarineaquarium.org/_photos/sheephead.jpg
Figure 7.	Australian small male cuttlefish impersonating female exemplar (a). Mimic octopus can impersonate more than 15 different species (b). a. http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/01/050124005322.jpg b. http://pbmo.wordpress.com/2010/10/28/mimic-octopus/
Figure 8.	Intrusion™ Treeline Fabric (a), a camouflaged deer hunter (b), and the Indian leaf butterfly (c). a. http://www.graywolfwoolens.com/store/files/treelinefabric-550.jpg b. http://www.graywolfwoolens.com/store/files/treelinesnow-550.jpg c. http://www.sciencemusings.com/blog/images/deadleaf.jpg
Figure 9.	Orchid woman (a), fly orchid (b). a. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000120/1920a.gif b. http://www.crackedlens.co.uk/catalogue/ophrys_insectifera/ophrys_insectifera.jpg
Figure 10.	Australian cuttlefish (a) and entertainer Ross Hamilton (b). a. http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/01/050124005322.jpg b. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/m2/f1/nlc004418-v6.jpg
Figure 11.	A Web community for transgender people, cross dressers, lady boys, etc.
Figure 12.	Calpernia Addams.
Figure 13.	Elvis impersonations (a, b). a. http://www.parties-galore.com/index.php?act=viewProd& productId=601 b. http://ladyluckmusic.com/radio/fanview/arch22/dougc.jpg
Figure 14.	Jousting tournament in Leeds.
Figure 15.	Avatars in Second Life.
Figure 16.	The identical Nelson Twins (a). Roy Rifkin and his stunt double or his twin brother? (b) Zou Ren Ti and his twin brother or his robotic lookalike? (c). a. http://www.loc.com.au/FunnyStuff/Nelson%20Twins%20(Small).jpg b. http://ia.imdb.com/media/imdb/01/I/38/91/80/10f.jpg c. http://www.androidworld.com/Zou_Ren_Ti.jpg
Figure 17.	Molotov Alva searches himself in his personal virtual museum.
Figure 18.	Fake ID templates.
Figure 19.	Magikarp (a) becomes Gyarados (b). a. http://www.pokemonelite2000.com/pictures/anime/anime129.jpg b. http://img252.imageshack.us/img252/8118/130rt4.png
Figure 20.	Lightning flash is a jellyfish (a, b). a. http://cdoswell.com/Gallery/albums/Lightning/ltg_may1989_01c.jpg b. http://eu.art.com/products/p13062059-sa-i2261959/posters.htm
Figure 21.	Pictorial allegory in chemistry (Loveland & Seaborg, 1991) (a, b). a. http://sites.google.com/site/liberatedpixels/home/SeaInstabilityBars.PNG?attredirects=0 b. http://sites.google.com/site/liberatedpixels/home/SeaInstabilityMap.PNG?attredirects=0
Figure 24.	Triple metamorphosis. Actor Stewart plays Captain Jean-Luc Picard who becomes a Borg.
	http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a1/Picard_as_Locutus.jpg b. http://pbmo.wordpress.com/2010/10/28/mimic-octopus/
Chapter 4. Illusions and deviation tolerance
Figure 1.	Woman with amazing eyes (1889).
Figure 2.	S. Dalí. The Slave Market with Disappearing Bust of Voltaire.
Figure 3.	Face recognition in arbitrary patterns: Happy coffee (a), emoticons (b), Indian Head Rock (c), and the Face of Mars (d). a. http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/143653/dyn007_original_404_355_gif_2545386_138596119170a2aa87f071f60e9e60fe.gif b. http://techrageo.us/images/gmailchatsmileys.gif c. http://astro.wsu.edu/worthey/astro/html/im-indian-heads/rock-face.jpg d. http://www.msss.com/education/facepage/face_icon.gif
Figure 4.	Owl butterfly. Once you see the eye, you lose track of the wings.
Figure 5.	Changes in emotion expression and gender.
Figure 6.	Eavesdroppers and Eavesdroppers dropped (personal collection). Stereoscope (a), viewmaster (b), PokeScope® 3D Viewer (c), transparent Vuzix Wrap 920AV video-glasses (d). a. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Holmes_stereoscope.jpg b. http://blogimages.seniorennet.be/retrocameras/241-e0490ca5c485b97b973387012272e19d.gif c. http://www.pokescope.com/MonitorIMPS2.jpg d. http://www.techpin.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/wrap-920av-brings-3dviewing-to-the-vuzix-iwear-video-glasses-line-2.jpg
Figure 8.	No One Lives Forever 2 exploits the simulation of 3D illusions through motion to the max.
Figure 10.	Giant or gnome? Slanted lines indicate size through depth suggestion (a, b). a. http://www.isgtw.org/images/tracks_at_dusk.jpg b. http://images.wikia.com/bioshock/images/e/ec/Bouncer_Rendered_Model.png
Figure 11.	Holographic projection of an actor (2007)(a) and Dircks’ and Pepper’s ghost (1863) (b). a. http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/arts/20070401_LOSING_FEATURE/blocker.html b. http://www.precinemahistory.net/images/peppers_ghost_image.jpg
Figure 13.	X-ray of the eight limbs (a), the 2-year old girl (b), and the four-armed Vishnu (c). a. http://img.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2007/11_01/8LimbXrayBARC_468x533.jpg b. http://img.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2007/11_01/8LimbGirlBARC_468x319.jpg c. http://img.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2007/11_01/vishnu_468x672.jpg
Figure 16.	Body painting by Guido Daniele.
Chapter 5. Beyond realism: Virtual people
Figure 1.	Hollywood heroes used in experiment (Konijn & Hoorn, 2005) (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h). a. http://gal.darkervision.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/gandhi_25th_anniversary_dvd_s.jpg b. http://moviesmobile.net/thumbs/885.jpg c. http://www.oapedia.com/index.php/File:Rocky_Dennis.jpg d. http://cdn.hometheaterforum.com/b/bb/bb69fb72_Split-shot2-copy.jpg e. http://filmfanatic.org/reviews/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/superman-poster.jpg f. http://www.musical-info.nl/images/2010-02/101_dalmatians_movie_-_foto_disney.jpg g. http://i2.listal.com/image/38822/600full-edward-scissorhands-poster.jpg h. http://flickfeast.co.uk/wp-content/themes/yamidoo/scripts/timthumb.php?src=
	http://flickfeast.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Drakula.jpg&w=390&h=600&zc=1
Figure 3.	Microsoft’s Office Assistants for Windows, versions 97 to 2003.
Figure 4.	The evolution of Nintendo’s Mario and friends (a) from a rough set of pixels into smooth graphic design and the intricate round characters of Fable II (MS Xbox 360) (b). a. http://www.geekologie.com/2008/02/19/character-evolution.jpg b. http://xbox360media.ign.com/xbox360/image/article/873/873490/fable-2-20080513085801652_640w.jpg
Figure 8.	The Virtual Human Interaction Lab at Stanford University.
Figure 12.	Stella Costello (a, b). a. http://nwn.blogs.com/photos/uncategorized/stella_costello.jpg b. http://nwn.blogs.com/photos/uncategorized/stella_costello_closeup.jpg
Figure 15.	Two personifications interacting: Time Clipping Cupid’s Wings. Pierre Mignard (1694). Oil on canvas, France.
Figure 16.	Two personifications of a software product. RealTimeAide’s building instructor exemplifies an expert system (a) and Microsoft’s Robby Robot represents a search engine with an extra metaphor added (b). a. http://sites.google.com/site/liberatedpixels/home/RealTimeAide.PNG?attredirects=0 b. http://www.talkingcallerid.com/images/ROBBYREST.GIF
Figure 17.	Personifications of software applications exemplify the relationships among truth values, genre, epistemics, metaphors, and figurativeness. Feature types can be literal (lit.) or figurative (fig.) (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h). a. http://www.phreeque.com/josephmerrick3.jpg b. http://sites.google.com/site/liberatedpixels/home/RealTimeAide.PNG?attredirects=0 c. http://blogs.whatsontv.co.uk/movietalk/wp-content/gallery/elephant-man/elephant-man-free1.jpg d. http://sites.google.com/site/liberatedpixels/home/TutorAgents.PNG?attredirects=0 e. http://www.imfdb.org/w/images/0/03/LastActionHeroCover.jpg f. http://sites.google.com/site/liberatedpixels/home/SkeletMax.PNG?attredirects=0 g. http://www.talkingcallerid.com/images/ROBBYREST.GIF h. http://www.csc.ncsu.edu/academics/undergrad/Reports/jlelliot/cosmointro.jpg
Figure 18.	HumanKind robot Philip K. Dick by Hanson Robotics Inc.
Figure 19.	Patient simulators.
Figure 21.	Aernout Mik’s orangutan animatronics.
Figure 22.	Cerebus, a wireless interface for brain-computer communication (a, b, c). a. http://medialabeurope.org/mindgames/projects/cerebus/cerebusHeaderMaxNode.png b. http://www.robburke.net/mle/mindbalance/WearingCerebusLarge.jpg c. http://medialabeurope.org/mindgames/projects/cerebus/cerebusHeaderMinNode.png
Figure 23.	Mawg rebalancing.
Figure 24.	Brain–computer interface by Honda. The user controls the ASIMO robot through mental activity (Business Wire).
Chapter 6. Epistemics of the virtual – Synthesis
Figure 1.	Epistemics of the Virtual. (PDF)
Figure 2.	Alligator snapping turtle – tongue used as worm lure (a, b). a. http://www.chelydra.org/ca_alligator.jpg b. http://www.chelydra.org/alligatorsnapper.images/alligator_snapping_turtle_tongue.jpg