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Article published In: Epistemological issue with keynote article “The development of bimodal bilingualism: Implications for linguistic theory” by Diane Lillo-Martin, Ronice Müller de Quadros and Deborah Chen Pichler
[Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:6] 2016
► pp. 719–755

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Keynote epistemological paper

The development of bimodal bilingualism

Implications for linguistic theory

 | University of Connecticut
 | Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
 | Gallaudet University
Published online: 17 January 2017
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.6.6.01lil
Abstract
A wide range of linguistic phenomena contribute to our understanding of the architecture of the human linguistic system. In this paper we present a proposal dubbed Language Synthesis to capture bilingual phenomena including code-switching and ‘transfer’ as automatic consequences of the addition of a second language, using basic concepts of Minimalism and Distributed Morphology. Bimodal bilinguals, who use a sign language and a spoken language, provide a new type of evidence regarding possible bilingual phenomena, namely code-blending, the simultaneous production of (aspects of) a message in both speech and sign. We argue that code-blending also follows naturally once a second articulatory interface is added to the model. Several different types of code-blending are discussed in connection to the predictions of the Synthesis model. Our primary data come from children developing as bimodal bilinguals, but our proposal is intended to capture a wide range of bilingual effects across any language pair.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Bimodal bilingualism
    • 2.1Who are bimodal bilinguals?
    • 2.2Binational Bimodal Bilingual (Bibibi) language development project
  • 3.Models of the architecture of the mental human language capacity
    • 3.1Minimalist models of bilingualism
    • 3.2Minimalism with Distributed Morphology
    • 3.3The Language Synthesis model
  • 4.Syntactic synthesis
    • 4.1Synthesis and WH-questions
    • 4.2Argument omission
    • 4.3ASL-influenced English: Previous studies
  • 5.Code-switching and code-blending
  • 6.Summary and conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
References (91)
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Manhardt, Francie, Susanne Brouwer & Aslı Özyürek
2021. A Tale of Two Modalities: Sign and Speech Influence Each Other in Bimodal Bilinguals. Psychological Science 32:3 ► pp. 424 ff. DOI logo
Montrul, Silvina & Maria Polinsky
2021. Introduction. In The Cambridge Handbook of Heritage Languages and Linguistics, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Musyoka, Millicent Malinda & Zanthia Yvette Smith
2021. Mainstreamed Deaf/HH Students' Online Learning in K-12. In Curriculum Development and Online Instruction for the 21st Century [Advances in Mobile and Distance Learning, ], ► pp. 69 ff. DOI logo
Herbert, Marjorie & Acrisio Pires
2020. Bilingualism and Code-Blending Among Deaf ASL-English Bilinguals. In New Trends in Language Acquisition Within the Generative Perspective [Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics, 49], ► pp. 99 ff. DOI logo
López, Luis
2020. Bilingual Grammar, DOI logo
Putnam, Michael T. & Robert Klosinski
2020. The good, the bad, and the gradient. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 10:1 ► pp. 5 ff. DOI logo
Quadros, Ronice Müller de, Kathryn Davidson, Diane Lillo-Martin & Karen Emmorey
2020. Code-blending with depicting signs. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 10:2 ► pp. 290 ff. DOI logo
Tang, Gladys, Robert Adam & Karen Simpson OBE
2020. Educating bilingual and multilingual deaf children in the 21st century. In Understanding Deafness, Language and Cognitive Development [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 25], ► pp. 183 ff. DOI logo
Quer, Josep & Markus Steinbach
2019. Handling Sign Language Data: The Impact of Modality. Frontiers in Psychology 10 DOI logo
Alexiadou, Artemis & Terje Lohndal
2018. Units of Language Mixing: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Annick De Houwer & Lourdes Ortega
2018. The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingualism, DOI logo
Quadros, Ronice Müller de & Diane Lillo-Martin
2018. Brazilian Bimodal Bilinguals as Heritage Signers. Languages 3:3 ► pp. 32 ff. DOI logo
Tang, Gladys W. L. & Jia Li
2018. Acquisition of Classifier Constructions in HKSL by Bimodal Bilingual Deaf Children of Hearing Parents. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Alexiadou, Artemis
2016. Code-blending and Distributed Morphology. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:6 ► pp. 756 ff. DOI logo
Baker, Anne E.
2016. Incongruent grammar. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:6 ► pp. 760 ff. DOI logo
Branchini, Chiara & Caterina Donati
2016. The extent of language co-activation in bimodal bilinguals. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:6 ► pp. 763 ff. DOI logo
Crasborn, Onno
2016. What is a sign language?. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:6 ► pp. 768 ff. DOI logo
Hulk, Aafke & Beppie van den Bogaerde
2016. Disentangling internal and external factors in bimodal acquisition. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:6 ► pp. 772 ff. DOI logo
Liceras, Juana M.
2016. Linguistic theory and the Synthesis Model. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:6 ► pp. 776 ff. DOI logo
Lohndal, Terje
2016. The role of underspecification in grammar. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:6 ► pp. 782 ff. DOI logo
MacSwan, Jeff
2016. Codeswitching and the timing of Lexical Insertion. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:6 ► pp. 786 ff. DOI logo
MacSwan, Jeff
2017. A Multilingual Perspective on Translanguaging. American Educational Research Journal 54:1 ► pp. 167 ff. DOI logo
Morford, Jill P. & Phyllis Perrin Wilcox
2016. A tale of two articulators. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:6 ► pp. 792 ff. DOI logo
Morgan, Gary
2016. Trying to make sense of language synthesis. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:6 ► pp. 799 ff. DOI logo
Pierantozzi, Cristina
2016. Language Synthesis model and the problem of the invisible derivation. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:6 ► pp. 808 ff. DOI logo
Putnam, Michael T., Géraldine Legendre & Paul Smolensky
2016. How constrained is language mixing in bi- and uni-modal production?. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:6 ► pp. 812 ff. DOI logo
Quer, Josep
2016. One or two derivations in (bimodal) bilinguals. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:6 ► pp. 817 ff. DOI logo
Serratrice, Ludovica
2016. Cross-linguistic influence, cross-linguistic priming and the nature of shared syntactic structures. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:6 ► pp. 822 ff. DOI logo
van Hell, Janet G.
2016. Relative language proficiency affects language production in unimodal and bimodal bilinguals. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:6 ► pp. 834 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 24 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

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