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Article published In: Parsing to Learn
Edited by Laurent Dekydtspotter and Claire Renaud
[Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4:2] 2014
► pp. 257–282

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basic-science-article

Predictive sentence processing in L2 and L1

What is different?

 | University of Florida
Published online: 27 May 2014
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https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.4.2.05kaa
There is ample evidence that native speakers anticipate upcoming information at various levels during sentence comprehension. In contrast, some studies on late second-language (L2) learners support the view that L2 learners do not anticipate information during processing, or at least, not to the same extent as native speakers do. In the current paper, I propose that native and L2 speakers are underlyingly the same as far as sentence processing mechanisms are concerned, and that potential differences in anticipatory behavior can be accounted for by the same factors that drive individual differences in native speakers; in particular, differences in frequency biases, competing information, the accuracy and consistency of the lexical representation, and task-induced effects. Suggestions for future research are provided.
Article outline
  • 1.Predictive processing in native and non-native sentence processing
  • 2.Factors modulating prediction
    • 2.1Frequency information
    • 2.2Competing information
    • 2.3Accuracy and consistency of lexical information
    • 2.4Task-induced processes and strategies
    • 2.5Other factors
    • 2.6Summary
  • 3.Incorporating predictions in current proposals on L2 processing
    • 3.1Models of L2 processing
    • 3.2What’s new?
  • 4.Concluding remarks and future research
  • Notes
  • References
References (112)
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2025. Reduced false memory effects for predictable words in L2 speakers of German: evidence from self-paced reading and recognition memory. Applied Psycholinguistics 46 DOI logo
Hopp, Holger, Jana Reifegerste & Michael T. Ullman
2025. Lexical Effects on Second Language Grammar Acquisition: Testing Psycholinguistic and Neurocognitive Predictions. Language Learning 75:2 ► pp. 424 ff. DOI logo
Hosoda, Masaya
2025. Verbs' implicit causality in coreference and coherence processing during L2 comprehension. Frontiers in Language Sciences 4 DOI logo
Hwang, Haerim & Kitaek Kim
2025. Prediction of there-associated nouns based on verbs in expletive sentences: Effects of cue validity, proficiency, and immersion experience. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Hwang, Haerim & Kitaek Kim
2025. Effects of Lexical Frequency in Predictive Processing: Higher Frequency Boosts First Language Speed and Facilitates Second Language Prediction. Language Learning DOI logo
Hwang, Haerim & Sun Hee Park
2025. The influence of word co-occurrence frequency on predictive processing in first and second languages: A webcam-based eye-tracking study. Applied Psycholinguistics 46 DOI logo
Hwang, Heeju
2025. Long-term structural priming involves a memory-based mechanism. Applied Psycholinguistics 46 DOI logo
Ito, Aine
2025. Effects of Task Instructions on Predictive Eye Movements and Word Recognition During Second Language Sentence Comprehension. Language Learning 75:3 ► pp. 801 ff. DOI logo
Ito, Aine, Ana Bautista & Clara Martin
2025. Cognate facilitation effect on verb-based semantic prediction in L2 is modulated by L2 proficiency. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 28:3 ► pp. 684 ff. DOI logo
Jung, Boo Kyung, Gyu-Ho Shin & Chanyoung Lee
2025. Interactive roles of L1 properties and L2 textbook input for constructing L2 knowledge. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics DOI logo
Kim, Hyunwoo, Kitaek Kim & Joonhee Kim
2025. The role of processing goals in second language predictive processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 47:1 ► pp. 136 ff. DOI logo
Morucci, Piermatteo, Francesco Giannelli, Craig G. Richter & Nicola Molinaro
2025. Spoken words affect visual object recognition via the modulation of alpha and beta oscillations. Frontiers in Neuroscience 19 DOI logo
Nakamura, Chie & Suzanne Flynn
2025. Prosody and L2 Listening. In The Handbook of Second Language Listening, ► pp. 125 ff. DOI logo
Sasson, Ayelet, Rachel Schiff & Barak Zluf
2025. Syntactic knowledge in a foreign language: examining cross-language transfer effects in L2 noun phrase comprehension. Reading and Writing 38:5 ► pp. 1483 ff. DOI logo
Shin, Gyu-Ho & Jayoung Song
2025. Does isomorphism boost heritage speakers’ sentence processing? A case of Korean active transitive and suffixal passive constructions. Applied Linguistics Review 16:5 ► pp. 2275 ff. DOI logo
Tagliani, Marta, Lucas Cruz, Michela Redolfi, Natalya Shirokorad, Massimiliano Canzi, Chiara Melloni & Maria Vender
2025. L2 learners take more time to catch the rhyme: An eye-tracking study on predictive processing. International Journal of Bilingualism DOI logo
Tong, Jing, Iring Koch & Andrea M. Philipp
2025. The influence of prediction on bilingual language production: evidence from semantic classifier congruency. Psychological Research 89:6 DOI logo
Tong, Jing, Iring Koch & Andrea M. Philipp
2025. Within-language and cross-languages prediction: Evidence from semantic classifier congruency. International Journal of Bilingualism DOI logo
Warren, Tessa, Michael Walsh Dickey & Cole Caudle
2025. Reliance on language versus world knowledge during language comprehension. In Language and Knowledge [Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 83], ► pp. 383 ff. DOI logo
Abu‐Zhaya, Rana & Inbal Arnon
2024. Does Early Unit Size Impact the Formation of Linguistic Predictions? Grammatical Gender as a Case Study. Language Learning 74:4 ► pp. 814 ff. DOI logo
Covey, Lauren, Robert Fiorentino & Alison Gabriele
2024. Island sensitivity in L2 learners: Evidence from acceptability judgments and event-related potentials. Second Language Research 40:1 ► pp. 19 ff. DOI logo
Fang, Shaohua & Zhiyi Wu
2024. Syntactic prediction in L2 learners: evidence from English disjunction processing. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 62:2 ► pp. 429 ff. DOI logo
Ghanim, Iyad, Ilse Wambacq & Lauren Covey
2024. Contribution of semantic context to bilingual processing. International Journal of Bilingualism 28:1 ► pp. 59 ff. DOI logo
Ito, Aine, Huong Thi Thu Nguyen & Pia Knoeferle
2024. German-dominant Vietnamese heritage speakers use semantic constraints of German for anticipation during comprehension in Vietnamese. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 27:1 ► pp. 57 ff. DOI logo
Liu, Huan, Shifa Chen, Ruiyong Liu & Huinan Du
2024. The Influence of Verb-Based Implicit Causality Information and Second Language Proficiency on Chinese English Learners’ Pronoun Anaphoric Inference: Evidence from Eye Movements. Behavioral Sciences 14:11 ► pp. 1034 ff. DOI logo
Liu, Yanhua & Guangwei Hu
2024. Research Trends in Applied Linguistics (2017–2021): A Scientometric Review of 42 Journals. In A Scientometrics Research Perspective in Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 45 ff. DOI logo
Lyu, Jun, Zuzanna Fuchs & Elsi Kaiser
2024. Anticipatory processing of cataphora is constrained by binding principles in L2 English. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 27:5 ► pp. 755 ff. DOI logo
Momenian, Mohammad, Mahsa Vaghefi, Hamidreza Sadeghi, Saeedeh Momtazi & Lars Meyer
2024. Language prediction in monolingual and bilingual speakers: an EEG study. Scientific Reports 14:1 DOI logo
Parshina, Olga, Nina Ladinskaya, Lidia Gault & Irina A. Sekerina
2024. Predictive Language Processing in Russian Heritage Speakers: Task Effects on Morphosyntactic Prediction in Reading. Languages 9:5 ► pp. 158 ff. DOI logo
Puscama, M. Gabriela
2024. Semantic Network Development in L2 Spanish and Its Impact on Processing Skills: A Multisession Eye-Tracking Study. Languages 9:2 ► pp. 43 ff. DOI logo
Shin, Gyu-Ho
2024. Good-enough processing, home language proficiency, cognitive skills, and task effects for Korean heritage speakers’ sentence comprehension. Frontiers in Psychology 15 DOI logo
Antonicelli, Giada & Stefano Rastelli
2023. Event-related potentials in the study of L2 sentence processing: A scoping review of the decade 2010-2020. Language Acquisition 30:2 ► pp. 163 ff. DOI logo
Corps, Ruth E., Meijian Liao & Martin J. Pickering
2023. Evidence for two stages of prediction in non-native speakers: A visual-world eye-tracking study. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 26:1 ► pp. 231 ff. DOI logo
Dong, Zhiyin Renee, Chao Han, Arild Hestvik & Gabriella Hermon
2023. L2 processing of filled gaps. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 13:6 ► pp. 767 ff. DOI logo
Feng, Lijuan & Nan Jiang
2023. Prediction error cost exists in the reading processing of Chinese native speakers and advanced Chinese L2 learners. Frontiers in Psychology 14 DOI logo
Fernandez, Leigh B, Ricarda Bothe & Shanley EM Allen
2023. The role of L1 reading direction on L2 perceptual span: An eye-tracking study investigating Hindi and Urdu speakers. Second Language Research 39:2 ► pp. 447 ff. DOI logo
Fernandez, Leigh B., Agnesa Xheladini & Shanley E. M. Allen
2023. Proficient L2 readers do not have a risky reading strategy. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 13:6 ► pp. 854 ff. DOI logo
Ghanim, Iyad & Aida Perovic
2023. The use of lexical semantics for processing face-masked speech in monolinguals and bilinguals. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154:2 ► pp. 1202 ff. DOI logo
Green, Jeffrey J.
2023. Rapid prediction of verbs based on pronoun interpretation is modulated by individual differences in pronoun processing. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 38:9 ► pp. 1214 ff. DOI logo
Klassen, Gabrielle, Aline Ferreira & John W. Schwieter
2023. The role of immersion learning in the acquisition and processing of L2 gender agreement. Applied Linguistics Review 14:2 ► pp. 391 ff. DOI logo
Koch, Eva Marie, Bram Bulté, Alex Housen & Aline Godfroid
2023. The predictive processing of number information in subregular verb morphology in a first and second language. Applied Psycholinguistics 44:5 ► pp. 750 ff. DOI logo
Moreno, Eva M., Clara D. Martin & Alice Foucart
2023. Lexical anticipation in bilinguals. In Bilingualism through the Prism of Psycholinguistics [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 17], ► pp. 181 ff. DOI logo
Prystauka, Yanina, Gerry T. M. Altmann & Jason Rothman
2023. Online eye tracking and real-time sentence processing: On opportunities and efficacy for capturing psycholinguistic effects of different magnitudes and diversity. Behavior Research Methods 56:4 ► pp. 3504 ff. DOI logo
Prystauka, Yanina, Vincent DeLuca, Alicia Luque, Toms Voits & Jason Rothman
2023. Cognitive Neuroscience Perspectives on Language Acquisition and Processing. Brain Sciences 13:12 ► pp. 1613 ff. DOI logo
Qurbi, Essa
2023. Second language word processing in sentence contexts: pre-lexical prediction versus post-lexical integration. East European Journal of Psycholinguistics DOI logo
Schlenter, Judith
2023. Prediction in bilingual sentence processing: How prediction differs in a later learned language from a first language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 26:2 ► pp. 253 ff. DOI logo
Wang, Tao, Mingyao Geng, Yue Wang, Min Zhao, Tongquan Zhou & Yiming Yang
2023. Chinese EFL learners different from English natives in cataphora resolution: Evidence from eye-tracking studies. Frontiers in Psychology 14 DOI logo
Wang, Tingting & Alison Gabriele
2023. Individual differences modulate sensitivity to implicit causality bias in both native and nonnative processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 45:4 ► pp. 853 ff. DOI logo
Weiss, Anna Fiona
2023. How do L2 learners deal with a “dead” language? A psycholinguistic study on sentence processing in Latin. Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science 7:1 ► pp. 43 ff. DOI logo
Wigdorowitz, Mandy, Ana I. Pérez & Ianthi M. Tsimpli
2023. High-level listening comprehension in advanced English as a second language: Effects of the first language and inhibitory control. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 26:5 ► pp. 865 ff. DOI logo
Şafak, Duygu F. & Holger Hopp
2023. Cross-linguistic differences in predicting L2 sentence structure: The use of categorical and gradient verb constraints. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 45:5 ► pp. 1234 ff. DOI logo
Şafak, Duygu F. & Holger Hopp
2025. Learning L2 grammar from prediction errors? Verb biases in structural priming in comprehension and production. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Amos, Rhona M., Kilian G. Seeber & Martin J. Pickering
2022. Prediction during simultaneous interpreting: Evidence from the visual-world paradigm. Cognition 220 ► pp. 104987 ff. DOI logo
Bovolenta, Giulia & Emma Marsden
2022. PREDICTION AND ERROR-BASED LEARNING IN L2 PROCESSING AND ACQUISITION. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 44:5 ► pp. 1384 ff. DOI logo
Bsharat-Maalouf, Dana & Hanin Karawani
2022. Learning and bilingualism in challenging listening conditions: How challenging can it be?. Cognition 222 ► pp. 105018 ff. DOI logo
Bsharat-Maalouf, Dana, Hanin Karawani & Prashanth Prabhu
2022. Bilinguals’ speech perception in noise: Perceptual and neural associations. PLOS ONE 17:2 ► pp. e0264282 ff. DOI logo
Cheng, Yesi, Ian Cunnings, David Miller & Jason Rothman
2022. DOUBLE-NUMBER MARKING MATTERS FOR BOTH L1 AND L2 PROCESSING OF NONLOCAL AGREEMENT SIMILARLY. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 44:5 ► pp. 1309 ff. DOI logo
Foltz, Anouschka, Beatriz Martín-Gascón, Florencia Paz Silva Marytsch, Javier Olloqui-Redondo & Thora Tenbrink
2022. Syntax and object types contribute in different ways to bilinguals’ comprehension of spatial descriptions. Language and Cognition 14:4 ► pp. 645 ff. DOI logo
Fuchs, Zuzanna
2022. Facilitative use of grammatical gender in Heritage Spanish. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 12:6 ► pp. 845 ff. DOI logo
Kang, Xin & Haoyan Ge
2022. Tracking Object-State Representations During Real-Time Language Comprehension by Native and Non-native Speakers of English. Frontiers in Psychology 13 DOI logo
Kim, Hyunwoo, Yunchuan Chen & Xueyan Liu
2022. Bilingual processing of verbal and constructional information in English dative constructions: effects of cross-linguistic influence. Cognitive Linguistics 33:4 ► pp. 701 ff. DOI logo
Liu, Yiguang, Florian Hintz, Junying Liang & Falk Huettig
2022. Prediction in challenging situations: Most bilinguals can predict upcoming semantically-related words in their L1 source language when interpreting. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 25:5 ► pp. 801 ff. DOI logo
Parshina, Olga, Anastasiya Lopukhina & Irina A. Sekerina
2022. Can Heritage Speakers Predict Lexical and Morphosyntactic Information in Reading?. Languages 7:1 ► pp. 60 ff. DOI logo
Radošević, Tomislav, Evie A. Malaia & Marina Milković
2022. Predictive Processing in Sign Languages: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology 13 DOI logo
Reuter, Tracy, Mia Sullivan & Casey Lew-Williams
2022. Look at that: Spatial deixis reveals experience-related differences in prediction. Language Acquisition 29:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Sagarra, Nuria & Nicole Rodriguez
2022. Subject–Verb Number Agreement in Bilingual Processing: (Lack of) Age of Acquisition and Proficiency Effects. Languages 7:1 ► pp. 15 ff. DOI logo
Alemán Bañón, José & Clara Martin
2021. The role of crosslinguistic differences in second language anticipatory processing: An event-related potentials study. Neuropsychologia 155 ► pp. 107797 ff. DOI logo
Bañón, José Alemán, David Miller & Jason Rothman
2021. EXAMINING THE CONTRIBUTION OF MARKEDNESS TO THE L2 PROCESSING OF SPANISH PERSON AGREEMENT. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 43:4 ► pp. 699 ff. DOI logo
Cheng, Yesi, Jason Rothman & Ian Cunnings
2021. Parsing preferences and individual differences in nonnative sentence processing: Evidence from eye movements. Applied Psycholinguistics 42:1 ► pp. 129 ff. DOI logo
Cheng, Yesi, Jason Rothman & Ian Cunnings
2022. Determiner-Number Specification and Non-Local Agreement Computation in L1 and L2 Processing. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 51:4 ► pp. 847 ff. DOI logo
Di Pisa, Grazia, Sergio Miguel Pereira Soares & Jason Rothman
2021. Brain, mind and linguistic processing insights into the dynamic nature of bilingualism and its outcome effects. Journal of Neurolinguistics 58 ► pp. 100965 ff. DOI logo
Foltz, Anouschka
2021. USING PROSODY TO PREDICT UPCOMING REFERENTS IN THE L1 AND THE L2. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 43:4 ► pp. 753 ff. DOI logo
Foltz, Anouschka
2021. Adaptation in Predictive Prosodic Processing in Bilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology 12 DOI logo
Frank, Stefan L.
2021. Toward Computational Models of Multilingual Sentence Processing. Language Learning 71:S1 ► pp. 193 ff. DOI logo
Gambi, Chiara
2021. The role of prediction in second language vocabulary learning. In Prediction in Second Language Processing and Learning [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 12], ► pp. 187 ff. DOI logo
Grüter, Theres, Yanxin Alice Zhu & Carrie N. Jackson
2021. Forcing prediction increases priming and adaptation in second language production. In Prediction in Second Language Processing and Learning [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 12], ► pp. 207 ff. DOI logo
Grüter, Theres & Hannah Rohde
2021. Limits on expectation-based processing: Use of grammatical aspect for co-reference in L2. Applied Psycholinguistics 42:1 ► pp. 51 ff. DOI logo
Ito, Aine & Martin J. Pickering
2021. Automaticity and prediction in non-native language comprehension. In Prediction in Second Language Processing and Learning [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 12], ► pp. 25 ff. DOI logo
Kaan, Edith & Theres Grüter
2021. Prediction in second language processing and learning. In Prediction in Second Language Processing and Learning [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 12], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Kang, Xin, Stephen Matthews, Virginia Yip & Patrick C. M. Wong
2021. Language and nonlanguage factors in foreign language learning: evidence for the learning condition hypothesis. npj Science of Learning 6:1 DOI logo
Karaca, Figen, Susanne Brouwer, Sharon Unsworth & Falk Huettig
2021. Prediction in bilingual children. In Prediction in Second Language Processing and Learning [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 12], ► pp. 115 ff. DOI logo
Keating, Gregory D.
2021. Online methods in research on input processing and processing instruction. In Research on second language processing and processing instruction [Studies in Bilingualism, 62], ► pp. 327 ff. DOI logo
Kim, Hyunwoo & Theres Grüter
2021. PREDICTIVE PROCESSING OF IMPLICIT CAUSALITY IN A SECOND LANGUAGE. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 43:1 ► pp. 133 ff. DOI logo
Koch, Eva M., Bram Bulté, Alex Housen & Aline Godfroid
2021. Using verb morphology to predict subject number in L1 and L2 sentence processing: A visual-world eye-tracking experiment. Journal of the European Second Language Association 5:1 ► pp. 115 ff. DOI logo
Li, Fei, Xiangfei Hong, Zhaoying He, Sixuan Wu & Chenyi Zhang
2021. Investigating Heritage Language Processing: Meaning Composition in Chinese Classifier-Noun Phrasal Contexts. Frontiers in Psychology 12 DOI logo
Lozano-Argüelles, Cristina & Nuria Sagarra
2021. Interpreting experience enhances the use of lexical stress and syllabic structure to predict L2 word endings. Applied Psycholinguistics 42:5 ► pp. 1135 ff. DOI logo
McManus, Kevin
2021. Examining the effectiveness of language-switching practice for reducing cross-language competition in L2 grammatical processing. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24:1 ► pp. 167 ff. DOI logo
Perdomo, Michelle & Edith Kaan
2021. Prosodic cues in second-language speech processing: A visual world eye-tracking study. Second Language Research 37:2 ► pp. 349 ff. DOI logo
Scherger, Anna-Lena, Gianna Urbanczik, Timon Ludwigs & Jasmin M. Kizilirmak
2021. The Bilingual Native Speaker Competence: Evidence From Explicit and Implicit Language Knowledge Using Elicited Production, Sentence-Picture Matching, and Pupillometry. Frontiers in Psychology 12 DOI logo
Theimann, Ane, Ekaterina Kuzmina & Pernille Hansen
2021. Verb-Mediated Prediction in Bilingual Toddlers. Frontiers in Psychology 12 DOI logo
Fernandez, Leigh B, Paul E Engelhardt, Angela G Patarroyo & Shanley EM Allen
2020. Effects of speech rate on anticipatory eye movements in the visual world paradigm: Evidence from aging, native, and non-native language processing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73:12 ► pp. 2348 ff. DOI logo
Gosselke Berthelsen, Sabine, Merle Horne, Yury Shtyrov & Mikael Roll
2020. Different neural mechanisms for rapid acquisition of words with grammatical tone in learners from tonal and non-tonal backgrounds: ERP evidence. Brain Research 1729 ► pp. 146614 ff. DOI logo
Grüter, Theres, Elaine Lau & Wenyi Ling
2020. How classifiers facilitate predictive processing in L1 and L2 Chinese: the role of semantic and grammatical cues. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 35:2 ► pp. 221 ff. DOI logo
Jackson, Carrie
2020. Second Language Acquisition of Germanic Languages. In The Cambridge Handbook of Germanic Linguistics, ► pp. 689 ff. DOI logo
Jackson, Carrie N. & Holger Hopp
2020. Prediction error and implicit learning in L1 and L2 syntactic priming. International Journal of Bilingualism 24:5-6 ► pp. 895 ff. DOI logo
Jegerski, Jill & Irina A. Sekerina
2020. The processing of input with differential object marking by heritage Spanish speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23:2 ► pp. 274 ff. DOI logo
Jegerski, Jill & Irina A. Sekerina
2021. The Psycholinguistics of Heritage Languages. In The Cambridge Handbook of Heritage Languages and Linguistics, ► pp. 449 ff. DOI logo
Kim, Hyunwoo, Gyu-Ho Shin & Haerim Hwang
2020. INTEGRATION OF VERBAL AND CONSTRUCTIONAL INFORMATION IN THE SECOND LANGUAGE PROCESSING OF ENGLISH DATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42:4 ► pp. 825 ff. DOI logo
Lozano-Argüelles, Cristina, Nuria Sagarra & Joseph V. Casillas
2020. Slowly but surely: Interpreting facilitates L2 morphological anticipation based on suprasegmental and segmental information. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23:4 ► pp. 752 ff. DOI logo
Lozano-Argüelles, Cristina, Nuria Sagarra & Joseph V. Casillas
2023. Interpreting experience and working memory effects on L1 and L2 morphological prediction. Frontiers in Language Sciences 1 DOI logo
Montero-Melis, Guillermo & T. Florian Jaeger
2020. Changing expectations mediate adaptation in L2 production. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23:3 ► pp. 602 ff. DOI logo
Ryskin, Rachel, Roger P. Levy & Evelina Fedorenko
2020. Do domain-general executive resources play a role in linguistic prediction? Re-evaluation of the evidence and a path forward. Neuropsychologia 136 ► pp. 107258 ff. DOI logo
Shain, Cory, Idan Asher Blank, Marten van Schijndel, William Schuler & Evelina Fedorenko
2020. fMRI reveals language-specific predictive coding during naturalistic sentence comprehension. Neuropsychologia 138 ► pp. 107307 ff. DOI logo
Tachihara, Karina & Adele E. Goldberg
2020. Reduced Competition Effects and Noisier Representations in a Second Language. Language Learning 70:1 ► pp. 219 ff. DOI logo
Tachihara, Karina & Adele E. Goldberg
2025. Learning Unacceptability: Repeated Exposure to Acceptable Sentences Improves Adult Learners’ Recognition of Unacceptable Sentences. Language Learning 75:1 ► pp. 77 ff. DOI logo
Ullman, Michael T., F. Sayako Earle, Matthew Walenski & Karolina Janacsek
2020. The Neurocognition of Developmental Disorders of Language. Annual Review of Psychology 71:1 ► pp. 389 ff. DOI logo
Bosch, Sina, João Veríssimo & Harald Clahsen
2019. Inflectional morphology in bilingual language processing: An age-of-acquisition study. Language Acquisition 26:3 ► pp. 339 ff. DOI logo
Chun, Eunjin & Edith Kaan
2019. L2 Prediction during complex sentence processing. Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science 3:2 ► pp. 203 ff. DOI logo
Curcic, Maja, Sible Andringa & Folkert Kuiken
2019. The Role of Awareness and Cognitive Aptitudes in L2 Predictive Language Processing. Language Learning 69:S1 ► pp. 42 ff. DOI logo
Dussias, Paola E., Jorge R. Valdés Kroff, Anne L. Beatty‐Martínez & Michael A. Johns
2019. What Language Experience Tells us about Cognition. In The Handbook of the Neuroscience of Multilingualism, ► pp. 467 ff. DOI logo
Hed, Anna, Andrea Schremm, Merle Horne & Mikael Roll
2019. Neural correlates of second language acquisition of tone-grammar associations. The Mental Lexicon 14:1 ► pp. 98 ff. DOI logo
Jessen, Anna & Claudia Felser
2019. Reanalysing object gaps during non-native sentence processing: Evidence from ERPs. Second Language Research 35:2 ► pp. 285 ff. DOI logo
Kim, Hyunwoo & Yangon Rah
2019. Constructional Processing in a Second Language: The Role of Constructional Knowledge in Verb‐Construction Integration. Language Learning 69:4 ► pp. 1022 ff. DOI logo
PÉREZ, ANA, LAURA HANSEN & TERESA BAJO
2019. The nature of first and second language processing: The role of cognitive control and L2 proficiency during text-level comprehension. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22:5 ► pp. 930 ff. DOI logo
Roberts, Leah
2019. Psycholinguistic and Neurolinguistic Methods. In The Cambridge Handbook of Language Learning, ► pp. 208 ff. DOI logo
Rothman, Jason, Jorge González Alonso & Eloi Puig-Mayenco
2019. Third Language Acquisition and Linguistic Transfer, DOI logo
Wulff, Stefanie & Stefan Th. Gries
2019. Particle Placement in Learner Language. Language Learning 69:4 ► pp. 873 ff. DOI logo
Chow, Wing-Yee, Ellen Lau, Suiping Wang & Colin Phillips
2018. Wait a second! delayed impact of argument roles on on-line verb prediction. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 33:7 ► pp. 803 ff. DOI logo
Covey, Lauren, Alison Gabriele & Robert Fiorentino
2018. Can learners use morphosyntactic cues to facilitate processing? Evidence from a study of gender agreement in Hindi. Language Acquisition 25:3 ► pp. 327 ff. DOI logo
Dekydtspotter, Laurent, Mark Black, Rodica Frimu & Amber Rae Panwitz
2018. Animacy-based processing loads in anaphora resolution in (non-native) French. In Meaning and Structure in Second Language Acquisition [Studies in Bilingualism, 55], ► pp. 95 ff. DOI logo
Giannelli, Francesco & Nicola Molinaro
2018. Reanalyzing language expectations: Native language knowledge modulates the sensitivity to intervening cues during anticipatory processing. Psychophysiology 55:10 DOI logo
Goldberg, Adele E.
2018. The sufficiency principle hyperinflates the price of productivity. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 8:6 ► pp. 727 ff. DOI logo
Gosselke Berthelsen, Sabine, Merle Horne, K. Jonas Brännström, Yury Shtyrov & Mikael Roll
2018. Neural processing of morphosyntactic tonal cues in second-language learners. Journal of Neurolinguistics 45 ► pp. 60 ff. DOI logo
Hartsuiker, Robert J.
2018. Processing at Higher Levels. In The Listening Bilingual, ► pp. 86 ff. DOI logo
Hopp, Holger & Natalia Lemmerth
2018. LEXICAL AND SYNTACTIC CONGRUENCY IN L2 PREDICTIVE GENDER PROCESSING. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 40:1 ► pp. 171 ff. DOI logo
ITO, AINE, MARTIN CORLEY & MARTIN J. PICKERING
2018. A cognitive load delays predictive eye movements similarly during L1 and L2 comprehension. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21:2 ► pp. 251 ff. DOI logo
KAAN, EDITH & EUNJIN CHUN
2018. Priming and adaptation in native speakers and second-language learners. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21:2 ► pp. 228 ff. DOI logo
Kim, Hyunwoo
2018. Second Language Processing of Korean Floating Numeral Quantifiers. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 47:5 ► pp. 1101 ff. DOI logo
Lundquist, Björn & Øystein A. Vangsnes
2018. Language Separation in Bidialectal Speakers: Evidence From Eye Tracking. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Martin, Clara D., Francesca M. Branzi & Moshe Bar
2018. Prediction is Production: The missing link between language production and comprehension. Scientific Reports 8:1 DOI logo
PETERS, RYAN E., THERES GRÜTER & ARIELLE BOROVSKY
2018. Vocabulary size and native speaker self-identification influence flexibility in linguistic prediction among adult bilinguals. Applied Psycholinguistics 39:6 ► pp. 1439 ff. DOI logo
Roberts, Leah, Jorge González Alonso, Christos Pliatsikas & Jason Rothman
2018. Evidence from neurolinguistic methodologies: Can it actually inform linguistic/language acquisition theories and translate to evidence-based applications?. Second Language Research 34:1 ► pp. 125 ff. DOI logo
Rothman, Jason & Roumyana Slabakova
2018. THE GENERATIVE APPROACH TO SLA AND ITS PLACE IN MODERN SECOND LANGUAGE STUDIES. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 40:2 ► pp. 417 ff. DOI logo
Schimke, Sarah, Israel de la Fuente, Barbara Hemforth & Saveria Colonna
2018. First Language Influence on Second Language Offline and Online Ambiguous Pronoun Resolution. Language Learning 68:3 ► pp. 744 ff. DOI logo
Villegas, Álvaro
2018. Bilingual Processing of Comparative Structures in Spanish. Languages 3:3 ► pp. 35 ff. DOI logo
Wei, Hang, Julie E. Boland, Jonathan Brennan, Fang Yuan, Min Wang & Chi Zhang
2018. Lexicalized structural priming in second language online sentence comprehension. Second Language Research 34:3 ► pp. 395 ff. DOI logo
Zirnstein, Megan, Janet G. van Hell & Judith F. Kroll
2018. Cognitive control ability mediates prediction costs in monolinguals and bilinguals. Cognition 176 ► pp. 87 ff. DOI logo
ABUTALEBI, JUBIN & HARALD CLAHSEN
2017. Memory retrieval and sentence processing: Differences between native and non-native speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20:4 ► pp. 657 ff. DOI logo
Brouwer, Susanne, Simone Sprenger & Sharon Unsworth
2017. Processing grammatical gender in Dutch: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 159 ► pp. 50 ff. DOI logo
Brouwer, Susanne, Deniz Özkan & Aylin C. Küntay
2017. Semantic prediction in monolingual and bilingual children. In Cross-linguistic Influence in Bilingualism [Studies in Bilingualism, 52], ► pp. 49 ff. DOI logo
CHENG, WEI & AMIT ALMOR
2017. The effect of implicit causality and consequentiality on nonnative pronoun resolution. Applied Psycholinguistics 38:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
CHENG, WEI & AMIT ALMOR
2019. A Bayesian approach to establishing coreference in second language discourse: Evidence from implicit causality and consequentiality verbs. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22:3 ► pp. 456 ff. DOI logo
CHRABASZCZ, ANNA & KIRA GOR
2017. Quantifying contextual effects in second language processing of phonolexically ambiguous and unambiguous words. Applied Psycholinguistics 38:4 ► pp. 909 ff. DOI logo
Chung, Wonil & Myung-Kwan Park
2017. Korean L2 English Learners’ Processing of Sluicing Interacting with Reflexive Resolution: A Self-paced Reading Study. Studies in Generative Grammar 27:1 ► pp. 151 ff. DOI logo
Chung, Wonil & Myung-Kwan Park
2017. Multiple Sluicing and SWIPING Meet RT-based Experimental Syntax. Studies in Linguistics null:42 ► pp. 115 ff. DOI logo
CUNNINGS, IAN
2017. Parsing and Working Memory in Bilingual Sentence Processing. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20:4 ► pp. 659 ff. DOI logo
Dean, Christopher & Jorge Valdés Kroff
2017. Cross-Linguistic Orthographic Effects in Late Spanish/English Bilinguals. Languages 2:4 ► pp. 24 ff. DOI logo
Dekydtspotter, Laurent & Hyun-Kyoung Seo
2017. TRANSITIVITY IN THE PROCESSING OF INTRANSITIVE CLAUSES. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 39:3 ► pp. 527 ff. DOI logo
DIJKGRAAF, ASTER, ROBERT J. HARTSUIKER & WOUTER DUYCK
2017. Predicting upcoming information in native-language and non-native-language auditory word recognition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20:5 ► pp. 917 ff. DOI logo
Dijkgraaf, Aster, Robert J. Hartsuiker & Wouter Duyck
2019. Prediction and integration of semantics during L2 and L1 listening. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 34:7 ► pp. 881 ff. DOI logo
Grüter, Theres, Hannah Rohde & Amy J. Schafer
2017. Coreference and discourse coherence in L2. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:2 ► pp. 199 ff. DOI logo
Jessen, Anna, Julia Festman, Oliver Boxell & Claudia Felser
2017. Native and Non-native Speakers’ Brain Responses to Filled Indirect Object Gaps. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 46:5 ► pp. 1319 ff. DOI logo
Johnson Fowler, Courtney & Carrie N. Jackson
2017. Facilitating morphosyntactic and semantic prediction among second language speakers of German. Journal of Cognitive Psychology 29:8 ► pp. 883 ff. DOI logo
Leal, Tania, Roumyana Slabakova & Thomas A. Farmer
2017. THE FINE-TUNING OF LINGUISTIC EXPECTATIONS OVER THE COURSE OF L2 LEARNING. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 39:3 ► pp. 493 ff. DOI logo
MITSUGI, SANAKO
2017. Incremental comprehension of Japanese passives: Evidence from the visual-world paradigm. Applied Psycholinguistics 38:4 ► pp. 953 ff. DOI logo
Mitsugi, Sanako
2020. Generating predictions based on semantic categories in a second language: A case of numeral classifiers in Japanese. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 58:3 ► pp. 323 ff. DOI logo
Mitsugi, Sanako
2022. Polarity adverbs facilitate predictive processing in L2 Japanese. Second Language Research 38:4 ► pp. 869 ff. DOI logo
Molinaro, Nicola, Francesco Giannelli, Sendy Caffarra & Clara Martin
2017. Hierarchical levels of representation in language prediction: The influence of first language acquisition in highly proficient bilinguals. Cognition 164 ► pp. 61 ff. DOI logo
Patel, Aniruddh D. & Emily Morgan
2017. Exploring Cognitive Relations Between Prediction in Language and Music. Cognitive Science 41:S2 ► pp. 303 ff. DOI logo
Penera, Lesley Karen
2017. Syntactic analysis preference: how Filipinos do with globally-ambiguous sentences. International Forum Journal 20:2 ► pp. 109 ff. DOI logo
Schremm, Andrea, Anna Hed, Merle Horne & Mikael Roll
2017. Training predictive L2 processing with a digital game: Prototype promotes acquisition of anticipatory use of tone-suffix associations. Computers & Education 114 ► pp. 206 ff. DOI logo
Vafaee, Payman, Yuichi Suzuki & Ilina Kachisnke
2017. VALIDATING GRAMMATICALITY JUDGMENT TESTS. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 39:1 ► pp. 59 ff. DOI logo
van Bergen, Geertje & Monique Flecken
2017. Putting things in new places: Linguistic experience modulates the predictive power of placement verb semantics. Journal of Memory and Language 92 ► pp. 26 ff. DOI logo
van Rijswijk, Remy, Antje Muntendam & Ton Dijkstra
2017. Focus in Dutch reading: an eye-tracking experiment with heritage speakers of Turkish. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 32:8 ► pp. 984 ff. DOI logo
KAAN, EDITH, JOSEPH KIRKHAM & FRANK WIJNEN
2016. Prediction and integration in native and second-language processing of elliptical structures. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Kasparian, Kristina & Karsten Steinhauer
2016. Confusing similar words: ERP correlates of lexical-semantic processing in first language attrition and late second language acquisition. Neuropsychologia 93 ► pp. 200 ff. DOI logo
Kljajevic, Vanja
2016. More than a mere sequence: predictive processing of wh-dependencies in early bilinguals. Translational Neuroscience 7:1 ► pp. 126 ff. DOI logo
Martin, Clara D., Xavier Garcia, Audrey Breton, Guillaume Thierry & Albert Costa
2016. World knowledge integration during second language comprehension. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 31:2 ► pp. 206 ff. DOI logo
MITSUGI, SANAKO & BRIAN MACWHINNEY
2016. The use of case marking for predictive processing in second language Japanese. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19:1 ► pp. 19 ff. DOI logo
Robenalt, Clarice & Adele E. Goldberg
2016. Nonnative Speakers Do Not Take Competing Alternative Expressions Into Account the Way Native Speakers Do. Language Learning 66:1 ► pp. 60 ff. DOI logo
Yuree Noh & Miseon Lee
2016. Effects of Vocabulary Size on Anticipatory Sentence Processing in Korean Learners of English. Korean Journal of Linguistics 41:3 ► pp. 359 ff. DOI logo
Özge, Duygu
2016. What does online parsing in Turkish-speaking children reveal about grammar?. In The Acquisition of Turkish in Childhood [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 20], ► pp. 99 ff. DOI logo
Foucart, Alice
2015.  Prediction is a question of experience . Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 5:4 ► pp. 465 ff. DOI logo
Foucart, Alice
2021. Language prediction in second language. In Prediction in Second Language Processing and Learning [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 12], ► pp. 91 ff. DOI logo
Foucart, Alice, Xavier Garcia, Meritxell Ayguasanosa, Guillaume Thierry, Clara Martin & Albert Costa
2015. Does the speaker matter? Online processing of semantic and pragmatic information in L2 speech comprehension. Neuropsychologia 75 ► pp. 291 ff. DOI logo
Hopp, Holger
2015.  Differential learning of prediction. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 5:4 ► pp. 476 ff. DOI logo
Hopp, Holger
2020. Morphosyntactic adaptation in adult L2 processing: Exposure and the processing of case and tense violations. Applied Psycholinguistics 41:3 ► pp. 627 ff. DOI logo
Hopp, Holger
2021. Prediction and grammatical learning in second language sentence processing. In Prediction in Second Language Processing and Learning [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 12], ► pp. 167 ff. DOI logo
Hopp, Holger
2022. Second Language Sentence Processing. Annual Review of Linguistics 8:1 ► pp. 235 ff. DOI logo
Kaan, Edith
2015.  Knowing without predicting, predicting without learning. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 5:4 ► pp. 482 ff. DOI logo
Phillips, Colin & Lara Ehrenhofer
2015.  The role of language processing in language acquisition . Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 5:4 ► pp. 409 ff. DOI logo
Wlotko, Edward W. & Kara D. Federmeier
2015. Time for prediction? The effect of presentation rate on predictive sentence comprehension during word-by-word reading. Cortex 68 ► pp. 20 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2021. Research Approaches to Heritage Languages. In The Cambridge Handbook of Heritage Languages and Linguistics, ► pp. 373 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2021. The many timescales of context in language processing. In The Context of Cognition: Emerging Perspectives [Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 75], ► pp. 201 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 24 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

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