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Article published In: Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism
Vol. 13:4 (2023) ► pp.468–499

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Comprehension and production of non-canonical word orders in Mandarin-speaking child heritage speakers

ORCiD logo with link | University of Edinburgh
ORCiD logo with link | University of Edinburgh
Published online: 16 November 2021
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.20096.hao
Abstract
Across languages, structures with non-canonical word order have been shown to be problematic for both child and adult heritage speakers. To investigate the linguistic and child-level factors that modulate heritage speakers’ difficulties with non-canonical word orders, we examined the comprehension and production of three Mandarin non-canonical structures in 5- to 9-year-old Mandarin-English heritage children and compared them to age-matched Mandarin-speaking monolingual children and adults. Specifically, we examined how linguistic properties, such as linear word order, presence or absence of morphosyntactic cues, and surface structural overlap between languages, as well as child-level factors, such as chronological age and current home language use affect the acquisition of non-canonical structures in heritage children and their monolingual peers. Results showed that although heritage children could use morphosyntactic cues, they did not show monolingual-level sensitivity to passive-related morphology. Additionally, children produced more canonical SVO word order, which is shared between English and Mandarin, and preferred the reverse interpretations of non-canonical structures in comprehension. These responses were taken as evidence for cross-linguistic influence from the majority to the minority language. Finally, although non-canonical structures caused difficulties for child heritage speakers, their performance was modulated by structure and improved with age, over and above heritage language use.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Background
    • 2.1Non-canonical word orders in Mandarin and English
    • 2.2Non-canonical word orders in typically-developing Mandarin children
    • 2.3Non-canonical word orders in heritage grammar
      • 2.3.1The acquisition of non-canonical word order and morphosyntactic cues
      • 2.3.2Cross-linguistic influence and non-canonical word order acquisition
      • 2.3.3Age and language use in HL development
  • 3.Present study
    • 3.1Predictions
  • 4.Method
    • 4.1Participants
    • 4.2Materials
      • 4.2.1Language background and proficiency
      • 4.2.2Experimental tasks
        • a.Comprehension task
        • b.Production task
    • 4.3Procedure
    • 4.4Coding and scoring
  • 5.Results
    • 5.1Comprehension task
    • 5.2Production task
  • 6.Discussion and conclusion
    • 6.1Child-level factors and non-canonical word orders in HL
    • 6.2Cross-linguistic influence
  • Notes
  • References
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