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Article published In: Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism
Vol. 2:1 (2012) ► pp.1–24

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Psycholinguistic perspectives on second language learning and bilingualism

The course and consequence of cross-language competition

 | The Pennsylvania State University
 | The Pennsylvania State University
 | The Pennsylvania State University
Published online: 10 February 2012
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https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.2.1.01kro
Recent psycholinguistic research demonstrates that using a second language has consequences for the first language (e.g. Dussias, P.E. (2003). Syntactic ambiguity resolution in L2 learners: Some effects of bilinguality on LI and L2 processing strategies. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 251, 529–557. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Van Hell, J.G., & Dijkstra, T. (2002). Foreign language knowledge can influence native language performance in exclusively native contexts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 91, 780–789. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar) and for domain-general cognitive processes (Bialystok, E. (2005). Consequences of bilingualism for cognitive development. In J.F. Kroll & A.M.B. De Groot (Eds.), Handbook of Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Approaches (pp. 417–432). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar). This work suggests that the language system is permeable, with cross-language exchange at every level of processing (Malt, B.C., & Sloman, S.A. (2003). Linguistic diversity and object naming by non-native speakers of English. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 61, 47–67. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar). Critically, even proficient bilinguals appear unable to switch off the language not in use when they hear, read, or speak one language alone (e.g. Dijkstra, T. (2005). Bilingual word recognition and lexical access. In J.F. Kroll & A.M.B. De Groot (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 179–201). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Kroll, J.F., Bobb, S., & Wodniecka, Z. (2006). Language selectivity is the exception, not the rule: Arguments against a fixed locus of language selection in bilingual speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 91, 119–135. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Marian, V., & Spivey, M.J. (2003). Competing activation in bilingual language processing: Within- and between-language competition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 61, 97–115. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar), creating cross-language competition. In this article, we describe research that considers how cross-language activation is modulated during spoken production and during the earliest stages of second language learning. We hypothesize that the open nature of the bilingual�s language system may create optimal conditions for new language learning and also for enhanced cognitive control that enables effective selection of the language to be spoken.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Background and overview
    • 2.1Parallel activation of the bilingual’s two languages
    • 2.2The consequences of L2 learning and bilingualism for the native language
    • 2.3The cognitive consequences of L2 learning and bilingualism
  • 3.Illustrative studies
    • 3.1The modulation of cross-language activation during spoken production
    • 3.2Learning words in a new language
  • 4.Conclusions
  • Notes
  • References
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2019. The impact of bilingualism on the acquisition of an additional language: Evidence from lexical knowledge, lexical fluency, and (lexical) cross-linguistic influence. International Journal of Bilingualism 23:5 ► pp. 888 ff. DOI logo
Dussias, Paola E., Jorge R. Valdés Kroff, Anne L. Beatty‐Martínez & Michael A. Johns
2019. What Language Experience Tells us about Cognition. In The Handbook of the Neuroscience of Multilingualism, ► pp. 467 ff. DOI logo
Llombart-Huesca, Amàlia & Eve Zyzik
2019. Linguistic Factors and the Spelling Ability of Spanish Heritage Language Learners. Frontiers in Education 4 DOI logo
Marsh, John E., Patrik Hansson, Daniel Eriksson Sörman & Jessica Körning Ljungberg
2019. Executive Processes Underpin the Bilingual Advantage on Phonemic Fluency: Evidence From Analyses of Switching and Clustering. Frontiers in Psychology 10 DOI logo
Putnam, Michael
2017. Feature reassembly as constraint satisfaction. The Linguistic Review 34:3 DOI logo
Cui, Zhanling & Xunbing Shen
2016. 2016 International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing (ICALIP), ► pp. 487 ff. DOI logo
DUNCAN, HILARY D., NORMAN SEGALOWITZ & NATALIE A. PHILLIPS
2016. Differences in L1 linguistic attention control between monolinguals and bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19:1 ► pp. 106 ff. DOI logo
EMMOREY, KAREN, MARCEL R. GIEZEN & TAMAR H. GOLLAN
2016. Psycholinguistic, cognitive, and neural implications of bimodal bilingualism. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19:2 ► pp. 223 ff. DOI logo
Horness, Paul
2016. The Influence of Repetition Type on Question Difficulty. In Pacific Rim Objective Measurement Symposium (PROMS) 2015 Conference Proceedings, ► pp. 383 ff. DOI logo
Liu, Lanfang, Hehui Li, Manli Zhang, Zhengke Wang, Na Wei, Li Liu, Xiangzhi Meng & Guosheng Ding
2016. Aberrant topologies and reconfiguration pattern of functional brain network in children with second language reading impairment. Developmental Science 19:4 ► pp. 657 ff. DOI logo
Ortega, Lourdes
2016. Multi-competence in second language acquisition: inroads into the mainstream?. In The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Multi-Competence, ► pp. 50 ff. DOI logo
Brown, Esther L. & Mark Amengual
2015. Fine-grained and probabilistic cross-linguistic influence in the pronunciation of cognates: Evidence from corpus-based spontaneous conversation and experimentally elicited data. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 8:1 ► pp. 59 ff. DOI logo
Kootstra, Gerrit Jan, Ton Dijkstra & Marianne Starren
2015. Second Language Acquisition. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, ► pp. 349 ff. DOI logo
Marull, Crystal H.
2015. Syntactic position constrains cross-linguistic activation. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 5:2 ► pp. 153 ff. DOI logo
Spiridonov, Vladimir & Emilia Ezrina
2015. The Interaction of Several Languages in the Cognitive System. SSRN Electronic Journal DOI logo
Amaral, Luiz & Tom Roeper
2014. Multiple Grammars and Second Language Representation. Second Language Research 30:1 ► pp. 3 ff. DOI logo
HEIDLMAYR, KARIN, SYLVAIN MOUTIER, BARBARA HEMFORTH, CYRIL COURTIN†, ROBERT TANZMEISTER & FRÉDÉRIC ISEL
2014. Successive bilingualism and executive functions: The effect of second language use on inhibitory control in a behavioural Stroop Colour Word task. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 17:3 ► pp. 630 ff. DOI logo
Kroll, Judith F. & Ellen Bialystok
2013. Understanding the consequences of bilingualism for language processing and cognition. Journal of Cognitive Psychology 25:5 ► pp. 497 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2019. Heritage languages [Studies in Bilingualism, 58], DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 24 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

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