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Article published In: Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism
Vol. 9:3 (2019) ► pp.341–375

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Derivational complexity vs. transfer effects

Long-distance wh-movement in heritage and L2 grammars

 | Technische Universität Braunschweig
 | Pennsylvania State University
 | Pennsylvania State University
Published online: 9 January 2018
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https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.17014.hop
Abstract
We investigate whether non-target wh-questions in heritage Low German and L2 English speakers are due primarily to cross-linguistic transfer or the reduction of grammatical complexity in developing grammars as modelled by the Derivational Complexity Hypothesis (DCH, (2005) The language faculty: (Ab)normal development and interface constraints. Paper presented at Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition, Siena.). Previous research shows that complex (i.e. cross-clausal) wh-dependencies pose more difficulty to child L1 and adult L2 learners than monoclausal dependencies (Jakubowicz, C., & Strik, N. (2008). Scope-marking strategies in the acquisition of long distance wh-questions in French and Dutch. Language and Speech, 51(1&2), 101–132. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; (2011). Syntactic creativity in second language English: wh-scope marking in Japanese-English interlanguage. Second Language Research, 27(3), 313–341. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; (2015). Long-distance wh-movement and long-distance wh-movement avoidance in L2 English: Evidence from French and Bulgarian speakers. Second Language Research, 31(2) 179–210. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar). To avoid complex dependencies, learners often use medial constructions where the wh-item surfaces once at the left periphery of the embedded CP and a second time at the left periphery of the matrix clause. Medial-wh is ungrammatical in English, though possible in German and its varieties, e.g. the low German Plautdietsch. In this study, we investigate the linguistic behavior of twelve (n = 12) bilingual Plautdietsch-English speakers in Southwestern Kansas, analyzing their production and judgments of wh-questions in both languages. In production and judgment tasks, we find that, in the L1, only heritage speakers produced medial-wh, while in L2 English, only late L2 learners produced medial-wh. This pattern cannot be due to transfer, since speakers produce medial-wh in only one of their languages. Instead, medial-wh surfaces as a mechanism to reduce syntactic complexity in the less dominant language, irrespective of whether it is the L1 or the L2 or whether it was acquired early or late. We argue that the DCH can account for grammatical restructuring in both heritage L1 speakers and late L2 speakers and discuss its potential as a metric of incomplete acquisition and attrition in bilingual syntax.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2. Wh-dependencies in heritage grammars and in L2 acquisition
    • 2.1 Wh-dependencies
    • 2.2 Wh-movement in heritage and L2 acquisition: Effects of complexity
  • 3.Research question and hypotheses
  • 4.Methods
    • 4.1Participants
    • 4.2Tasks
    • 4.3Procedure
  • 5.Results
    • 5.1Production task
    • 5.2Acceptability judgment task
  • 6.Discussion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
References (102)
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