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Article published In: Bilingualism and Executive Function: An interdisciplinary approach
Edited by Irina A. Sekerina and Lauren Spradlin
[Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:5] 2016
► pp. 699–717

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Cooking pasta in La Paz

Bilingualism, bias and the replication crisis

 | University of Edinburgh, UK
Published online: 24 June 2016
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.16002.bak
Abstract
Literature on bilingualism and cognition is characterised by a large amount of conflicting evidence. In some studies, bilinguals perform better then monolinguals on executive tasks involving inhibition, monitoring and switching but are slower on tasks of lexical processing. Other studies don’t find any significant effects and challenge the very existence of cognitive differences between monolinguals and bilinguals. In this paper I question the assumption that different studies performed in different parts of the world should yield the same results. I argue that the environment (in the widest sense of the word) in which an experiment is conducted can exert profound influence on its outcome. Against the background of the current debate about the replication crisis in science, I propose that conflicting evidence is not a threat to the trustworthiness of scientific research but a sign of the health of a discipline and a welcome opportunity to identify new relevant variables.
Article outline
  • 1.Controversy, conspiracy or consensus?
  • 2.Are bilinguals better lovers? Myths, misconceptions and false dichotomies
    • 2.1People are either monolingual or bilingual
    • 2.2Either all or nothing, either good or bad
    • 2.3Bilingualism prevents dementia
    • 2.4Either chicken or egg
    • 2.5Bilingualism, bilingualism and nothing but bilingualism
  • 3.Bilingualism and the “replication crisis”
  • 4.Cooking pasta in La Paz: why different studies produce different results
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
References (67)
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2019. Predicting executive functions in bilinguals using ecologically valid measures of code-switching behavior. In Bilingualism, Executive Function, and Beyond [Studies in Bilingualism, 57], ► pp. 181 ff. DOI logo
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2020. How different code-switching types modulate bilinguals’ executive functions: A dual control mode perspective. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23:4 ► pp. 909 ff. DOI logo
Hofweber, Julia, Theodoros Marinis & Jeanine Treffers-Daller
2020. Experimentally Induced Language Modes and Regular Code-Switching Habits Boost Bilinguals’ Executive Performance: Evidence From a Within-Subject Paradigm. Frontiers in Psychology 11 DOI logo
Lahiri, Durjoy, Souvik Dubey, Alfredo Ardila, Vishal Madhukar Sawale, Gautam Das & Biman Kanti Ray
2019. Lesion-aphasia discordance in acute stroke among Bengali-speaking patients: Frequency, pattern, and effect on aphasia recovery. Journal of Neurolinguistics 52 ► pp. 100859 ff. DOI logo
MacPherson, Sarah E., Celine R. Gillebert, Gail A. Robinson & Antonino Vallesi
2019. Editorial: Intra- and Inter-individual Variability of Executive Functions: Determinant and Modulating Factors in Healthy and Pathological Conditions. Frontiers in Psychology 10 DOI logo
Paplikar, Avanthi, Shailaja Mekala, Thomas H. Bak, Santosh Dharamkar, Suvarna Alladi & Subhash Kaul
2019. Bilingualism and the severity of poststroke aphasia. Aphasiology 33:1 ► pp. 58 ff. DOI logo
Poarch, Gregory J. & Andrea Krott
2019. A Bilingual Advantage? An Appeal for a Change in Perspective and Recommendations for Future Research. Behavioral Sciences 9:9 ► pp. 95 ff. DOI logo
Rosselli, Mónica, Idaly Vélez-Uribe & Valeria L. Torres
2019. The Assessment of Executive Dysfunction in Bilinguals. In Dysexecutive Syndromes, ► pp. 299 ff. DOI logo
Struys, Esli, Jill Surmont, Piet Van de Craen, Olga Kepinska & Maurits Van den Noort
2019. Bilingual language control across modalities. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 9:4-5 ► pp. 542 ff. DOI logo
Struys, Esli, Jill Surmont, Piet Van de Craen, Olga Kepinska & Maurits Van den Noort
2021. Bilingual language control across modalities. In Psycholinguistic Approaches to Production and Comprehension in Bilingual Adults and Children [Benjamins Current Topics, 117], ► pp. 39 ff. DOI logo
SUBRAMANIAPILLAI, SIVANIYA, MARIA NATASHA RAJAH, STAMATOULA PASVANIS & DEBRA TITONE
2019. Bilingual experience and executive control over the adult lifespan: The role of biological sex. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22:04 ► pp. 733 ff. DOI logo
SURRAIN, SARAH & GIGI LUK
2019. Describing bilinguals: A systematic review of labels and descriptions used in the literature between 2005–2015. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22:2 ► pp. 401 ff. DOI logo
Vega‐Mendoza, Mariana, Suvarna Alladi & Thomas H. Bak
2019. Dementia and Multilingualism. In The Handbook of the Neuroscience of Multilingualism, ► pp. 608 ff. DOI logo
Whitford, Veronica & Gigi Luk
2019. Comparing executive functions in monolinguals and bilinguals. In Bilingualism, Executive Function, and Beyond [Studies in Bilingualism, 57], ► pp. 67 ff. DOI logo
Calvo, Noelia, Agustín Ibáñez, Edinson Muñoz & Adolfo M. García
2018. A core avenue for transcultural research on dementia: on the cross‐linguistic generalization of language‐related effects in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 33:6 ► pp. 814 ff. DOI logo
Del Maschio, Nicola, Simone Sulpizio, Federico Gallo, Davide Fedeli, Brendan S. Weekes & Jubin Abutalebi
2018. Neuroplasticity across the lifespan and aging effects in bilinguals and monolinguals. Brain and Cognition 125 ► pp. 118 ff. DOI logo
Kałamała, Patrycja, Anna Drożdżowicz, Jakub Szewczyk, Anna Marzecová & Zofia Wodniecka
2018. Task strategy may contribute to performance differences between monolinguals and bilinguals in cognitive control tasks: ERP evidence. Journal of Neurolinguistics 46 ► pp. 78 ff. DOI logo
Maschio, Nicola Del & Jubin Abutalebi
2018. Neurobiology of bilingualism. In Bilingual Cognition and Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 54], ► pp. 325 ff. DOI logo
Poarch, Gregory J.
2018. Multilingual Language Control and Executive Function: A Replication Study. Frontiers in Communication 3 DOI logo
Pot, Anna, Merel Keijzer & Kees De Bot
2018. Intensity of Multilingual Language Use Predicts Cognitive Performance in Some Multilingual Older Adults. Brain Sciences 8:5 ► pp. 92 ff. DOI logo
Schroeder, Scott R.
2018. Do Bilinguals Have an Advantage in Theory of Mind? A Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Communication 3 DOI logo
Takahesu Tabori, Andrea A., Emily N. Mech & Natsuki Atagi
2018. Exploiting Language Variation to Better Understand the Cognitive Consequences of Bilingualism. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Alladi, Suvarna, Thomas H. Bak, Mekala Shailaja, Divyaraj Gollahalli, Amulya Rajan, Bapiraju Surampudi, Michael Hornberger, Vasanta Duggirala, Jaydip Ray Chaudhuri & Subhash Kaul
2017. Bilingualism delays the onset of behavioral but not aphasic forms of frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia 99 ► pp. 207 ff. DOI logo
Bak, Thomas H. & Ian Robertson
2017. Biology enters the scene—a new perspective on bilingualism, cognition, and dementia. Neurobiology of Aging 50 ► pp. iii ff. DOI logo
Cachia, Arnaud, Nicola Del Maschio, Gregoire Borst, Pasquale Anthony Della Rosa, Christophe Pallier, Albert Costa, Olivier Houdé & Jubin Abutalebi
2017. Anterior cingulate cortex sulcation and its differential effects on conflict monitoring in bilinguals and monolinguals. Brain and Language 175 ► pp. 57 ff. DOI logo
Piccardo, Enrica
2017. Plurilingualism as a Catalyst for Creativity in Superdiverse Societies: A Systemic Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology 8 DOI logo
Poarch, Gregory J. & Ellen Bialystok
2017. Assessing the implications of migrant multilingualism for language education. Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft 20:2 ► pp. 175 ff. DOI logo
Tomczak, Ewa & Dorota Jaworska-Pasterska
2017. Affective language processing and bilingualism: Complementary perspectives. Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 53:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Cox, Simon R., Thomas H. Bak, Michael Allerhand, Paul Redmond, John M. Starr, Ian J. Deary & Sarah E. MacPherson
2016. Bilingualism, social cognition and executive functions: A tale of chickens and eggs. Neuropsychologia 91 ► pp. 299 ff. DOI logo
Sekerina, Irina A. & Lauren Spradlin
2016. Bilingualism and executive function. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:5 ► pp. 505 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 23 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

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