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Article published In: Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism
Vol. 7:2 (2017) ► pp.163–198

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Experience with code-switching modulates the use of grammatical gender during sentence processing

 | University of Florida
 | Pennsylvania State University |
 | American University |
 | Pennsylvania State University | University of Granada |
 | University of Granada |  |
Published online: 1 February 2016
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.15010.val
Abstract
Using code-switching as a tool to illustrate how language experience modulates comprehension, the visual world paradigm was employed to examine the extent to which gender-marked Spanish determiners facilitate upcoming target nouns in a group of Spanish-English bilingual code-switchers. The first experiment tested target Spanish nouns embedded in a carrier phrase (Experiment 1b) and included a control Spanish monolingual group (Experiment 1a). The second set of experiments included critical trials in which participants heard code-switches from Spanish determiners into English nouns (e.g., la house) either in a fixed carrier phrase (Experiment 2a) or in variable and complex sentences (Experiment 2b). Across the experiments, bilinguals revealed an asymmetric gender effect in processing, showing facilitation only for feminine target items. These results reflect the asymmetric use of gender in the production of code-switched speech. The extension of the asymmetric effect into Spanish (Experiment 1b) underscores the permeability between language modes in bilingual code-switchers.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
    • 1.1The gender congruency effect
  • 2.The present study
  • 3.Experiment 1. Spanish-only sentences
    • 3.1Experiment 1a. Spanish Monolingual Group
      • 3.1.1Method
        • 3.1.1.1Participants
        • 3.1.1.2Materials and Design
        • 3.1.1.3Procedure
      • 3.1.2Results
        • 3.1.2.1Feminine gender trials
        • 3.1.2.2Masculine Gender Trials
      • 3.1.3Discussion
    • 3.2Experiment 1b. Spanish-only sentences, Spanish-English Bilingual Group
      • 3.2.1Method
        • 3.2.1.1Participants
        • 3.2.1.2Materials and Design
        • 3.2.1.3Procedure
      • 3.2.2Results
        • 3.2.2.1Feminine Gender Trials
        • 3.2.2.2Masculine Gender Trials
      • 3.2.3Discussion
  • 4.Experiment 2. Code-switching
    • 4.1Experiment 2a. Mixed NPs in a Fixed Carrier Phrase
      • 4.1.1Method
        • 4.1.1.1Participants
        • 4.1.1.2Materials and Design
        • 4.1.1.3Procedure
      • 4.1.2Results
        • 4.1.2.1Critical trials
      • 4.1.3Discussion
    • 4.2Experiment 2b. Intra-sentential Mixed NPs
      • 4.2.1Method
        • 4.2.1.1Participants
        • 4.2.1.2Materials and Design
        • 4.2.1.3Procedure
      • 4.2.2Results
        • 4.2.2.1Critical trials
      • 4.2.3Discussion
  • 5.General Discussion
  • Acknowledgments
  • Notes
  • References
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2023. Production, processing, and prediction in bilingual codeswitching. In Speaking, Writing and Communicating [Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 78], ► pp. 195 ff. DOI logo

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