Cover not available

Article published In: Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism
Vol. 7:1 (2017) ► pp.96–130

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
authorization required

Cross-linguistic lexical and syntactic co-activation in L2 sentence processing

 | University of Braunschweig
Published online: 4 February 2016
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.14027.hop
Abstract
This study investigates under which conditions the L1 syntax is activated in L2 on-line sentence comprehension. We study whether cross-linguistic syntactic activation of the L1 word order is affected by lexical activation of the first language (L1) by virtue of cognate words. In two eye-tracking experiments, German-English bilinguals and English natives read English sentences containing reduced relative clauses whose surface word order partially overlaps with German embedded clauses. The verbs used were either German-English cognates or matched control verbs. The results show lexical cognate facilitation and syntactic co-activation of L1 word order, with the latter being moderated by proficiency and cognate status. Critically, syntactic co-activation is found only with English control words. We argue that fleeting co-activation of the L1 syntax becomes measurable under higher demands of lexical processing, while cognate facilitation frees resources for inhibition of the L1 syntax and target-like syntactic processing.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Cross-linguistic influence in lexical and syntactic processing
  • 3.The current study
    • 3.1Experiment 1
      • 3.1.1Participants
      • 3.1.2Materials
      • 3.1.3Procedure
      • 3.1.4Results
        • Cognate effects on V1
        • Reading times by condition across areas of interest
      • 3.1.5Discussion
    • 3.2Experiment 2
      • 3.2.1Participants
      • 3.2.2Materials
      • 3.2.3Procedure
      • 3.2.4Results
        • Cognate effects on V1
        • Reading times by condition across areas of interest
      • 3.2.5Discussion
  • 4.General discussion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
References (92)
References
Alemán Bañón, J., Fiorentino, R., & Gabriele, A. (2014). Morphosyntactic processing in advanced second language (L2) learners: An event-related potential investigation of the effects of L1-L2 similarity and structural distance. Second Language Research, 301, 275–306. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baayen, R., Piepenbrock, R., & Van Rijn, H. (1993). The CELEX lexical database [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Linguistic Data Consortium.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Barr, D.J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C. & Tily, H.J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language 681, 255–278. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bernolet, S., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Pickering, M. J. (Ed.), (2013). From language-specific to shared syntactic representations: The influence of second language proficiency on syntactic sharing in bilinguals. Cognition, 1241, 287–306. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bever, T. (1970). The cognitive basis for linguistic structures. In Hayes, J. (ed.), Cognition and the development of language (pp. 279–362). Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Blattner, G. (2007). Processing verbal arguments in a first and second language: The role of immersion experience. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bultena, S. S., Dijkstra, T., & van Hell, J. G. (2012). Cognate and word class ambiguity effects in noun and verb processing. Language and Cognitive Processes, 281, 1350–1377. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & Van Hell, J. G. (2013). Cognate facilitation effects in sentence context depend on word class, L2 proficiency and task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 671, 1214–1241. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & Van Hell, J.G. (2014). Switch cost modulations in bilingual sentence processing: Evidence from shadowing. Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience. .Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cai, Z. G., Pickering, M. J., Yan, H., & Branigan, H. P. (2011). Lexical and syntactic representations in closely related languages: Evidence from Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 651, 431–445. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cai, Z. G., Sturt, P. & Pickering, M. J. (2012). The effect of nonadopted analyses on sentence processing, Language and Cognitive Processes, 271, 1286–1311. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Christianson, K., Luke, S., & Wochna, K. (2014, March). Integrating new input vs. revising previous input: Local coherences vs. garden paths. Poster presented at the 27th Annual CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Clahsen, H., & Felser, C. (2006). Grammatical processing in language learners. Applied Psycholinguistics, 271, 3–42. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Clifton, C., Jr., Staub, A., & Rayner, K. (2007). Eye movements in reading words and sentences. In R. van Gompel (Ed.), Eye movements: A window on mind and brain (pp. 341–371). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Costa, A., Caramazza, A., & Sebastian-Galles, N. (2000). The cognate facilitation effect: Implications for models of lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 261, 1283–1296.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Costa, A., Santesteban, M. & Ivanova, I. (2006) How do highly proficient bilinguals control their lexicalization process? Inhibitory and Language-Specific Selection mechanisms are both functional. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 321, 1057–1074.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Coughlin, C. E., & Tremblay, A. (2013). Proficiency and working-memory-based explanations for non-native speakers' sensitivity to agreement in sentence processing. Applied Psycholinguistics, 341, 615–646. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
De Groot, A. M. B. (2011). Language and cognition in bilinguals and multilinguals: An introduction. New York: Psychology Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dekydtspotter, L., Schwartz, B. D., & Sprouse, R. A. (2006). The comparative fallacy in L2 processing research. In M. Grantham O'Brien, Shea, C., and J. Archibald (Eds.), Proceedings of the 8th Generative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition Conference (GASLA 2006): The Banff Conference (pp. 33–40). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dijkstra, T. (2005). Bilingual visual word recognition and lexical access. In J. F. Kroll and A. M. B. De Groot (Eds.), Handbook of Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Approaches, (pp. 179–201) Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: from identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 51, 175–197. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dussias, P. E., & Cramer Scaltz, T. R. (2008). Spanish-English L2 speakers' use of subcategorization bias information in the resolution of temporary ambiguity during second language reading. Acta Psychologica, 1281, 501–513. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Duyck, W., Desmet, T., Verbeke, L. P. C., & Brysbaert, M. (2004). Word Gen: A tool for word selection and nonword generation in Dutch, English, German, and French. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 361, 488– 499. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Duyck, W., Van Assche, E., Drieghe, D., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2007). Visual word recognition by bilinguals in a sentence context: evidence for nonselective lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 331, 663–679.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Elston-Güttler. K.E., Paulmann, S. & Kotz, S.A. (2005). Who's in control? Proficiency and L1 influence on L2 processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 171, 1593–1610. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Felser, C., & Roberts, L. (2007). Processing wh-dependencies in a second language: A cross-modal priming study. Second Language Research, 231, 9–36. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Felser, C., Roberts, L., Marinis, T., & Gross, R. (2003). The processing of ambiguous sentences by first and second language learners of English. Applied Psycholinguistics, 241, 453–489. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ferreira, F. (2003). The misinterpretation of noncanonical sentences. Cognitive Psychology, 471, 164–203. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Frenck-Mestre, C. (2002). An on-line look at sentence processing in the second language. In R. R. Heredia and J. Altarriba (Eds.), Bilingual sentence processing (pp. 217–236). Amsterdam: Elsevier. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Frenck-Mestre, C., & Pynte, J. (1997). Syntactic ambiguity resolution while reading in second and native languages. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50A1, 119–148. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gollan, T. H., Montoya, R. I., Cera, C., & Sandoval, T. C. (2008). More use almost always means a smaller frequency effect: Aging, bilingualism, and the weaker links hypothesis. Journal of Memory and Language, 581, 787–814. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Grewendorf, G. (1995). German. In: J. Jacobs, A. von Stechow, Sternefeld, W. and T. Vennemann (eds.) Syntax. Ein internationales Handbuch zeitgenössischer Forschung. An International Handbook of Contemporary Research (Volume 21). (pp. 1288–1318). Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Grosjean, F. (1998). Studying bilinguals: Methodological and conceptual issues. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 11, 131–149. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gullifer, J. W., Kroll, J. F., & Dussias, P. E. (2013). When language switching has no apparent cost: lexical access in sentence context. Frontiers in Psychology, 41. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Guo, T., Liu, H., Misra, M., & Kroll, J. F. (2011). Local and global inhibition in bilingual word production: fMRI evidence from Chinese-English bilinguals. Neuroimage, 561, 2300–2309 Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hartsuiker, R. J., & Pickering, M. J. (2008). Language integration in bilingual sentence production. Acta Psychologica, 1281, 479–489. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hopp, H. (2006). Syntactic features and reanalysis in near-native processing. Second Language Research, 221, 369–397. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2010). Ultimate attainment in L2 inflectional morphology: Performance similarities between non-native and native speakers. Lingua, 1201, 901–931. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2013). "Individual differences in the L2 processing of object-subject ambiguities." Applied Psycholinguistics. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2014). Working memory effects on the L2 processing of ambiguous relative clauses. Language Acquisition, 211, 250–278. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hoshino, N., Dussias, P. E., & Kroll, J. F. (2010). Processing subject-verb agreement in a second language depends on proficiency. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 131, 87–98. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Su, I.R. (2001). Transfer of sentence processing strategies: A comparison of L2 learners of Chinese and English. Applied Psycholinguistics, 221, 83–112. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jackson, C. N. (2008). Proficiency level and the interaction of lexical and morphosyntactic information during L2 sentence processing. Language Learning, 581, 875–909. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jacob, G. (2009). The Role of the Native Language in Second-Language Syntactic Processing. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Dundee.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jacob. G., Katsika, K., Calley, M., Martinek, L., Family, N., & Allen, S. (2013). Cross-linguistic syntactic priming in German-English bilinguals: the role of global and surface syntactic structure. Talk presented at the International Conference on Multilingualism October 24–25, Montreal, CanadaGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jared, D., & Kroll, J. F. (2001). Do bilinguals activate phonological representations in one or both of their languages when naming words? Journal of Memory and Language, 441, 2– 31. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Juffs, A. (1998). Main verb vs. reduced relative clause ambiguity resolution in second language sentence processing. Language Learning, 481, 107–147. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2004). Representation, processing, and working memory in a second language. Transactions of the Philological Society, 1021, 199–225. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kim, C.S., Carbary, K.M. & Tanenhaus, M.K. (2014). Syntactic priming without lexical overlap in reading comprehension. Language and Speech, 571, 181–195. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kootstra, G. J., van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, T. (2012). Priming of code-switching in sentences: The role of lexical repetition, cognates, and proficiency. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 151, 797–819. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., Dijkstra, T., & Michel, M. C. (2004). Three languages, one echo: Cognate effects in trilingual word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes, 191, 585–611. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., Dijkstra, T., Schriefers, H., Baayen, R. H., Grainger, J., & Zwitserlood, P. (2008). Native language influences on word recognition in a second language: A megastudy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 341, 12-31. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Levy, R. (2008). Expectation-based syntactic comprehension. Cognition, 1061, 1126–1177. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lewis, R.L. & Vasishth, S. (2005). An activation-based model of sentence processing as skilled memory retrieval. Cognitive Science, 291:1-45, Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Libben, M. R., & Titone, D. A. (2009). Bilingual lexical access in context: evidence from eye movements during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 351, 381–390.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Loebell, H., & Bock, K. (2003). Structural priming across languages. Linguistics, 411, 791–824. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
MacWhinney, B. (1997). Second language acquisition and the Competition Model. In A. M. B. de Groot and J. F. Kroll (Eds.), Tutorials in bilingualism: Psycholinguistic perspectives (pp. 113–142). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
MacDonald, M. C. (1994). Probabilistic constraints and syntactic ambiguity resolution. Language and Cognitive Processes, 91, 157–201. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
MacDonald, M. C., Pearlmutter, N. J., and Seidenberg, M. S. (1994). The lexical nature of syntactic ambiguity resolution. Psychological Review, 1011, 676–703. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Marinis, T., Roberts, L., Felser, C., & Clahsen, H. (2005). Gaps in second language sentence processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 271, 53–78. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McDonald, J. L. (2006). Beyond the critical period: Processing-based explanations for poor grammaticality judgment performance by late second language learners. Journal of Memory and Language, 551, 381–401. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McDonald, J. L., & Roussel, C. C. (2010). Past tense grammaticality judgment and production in non-native and stressed native English speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 131, 429–448. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Odlin, T. (2003). Cross-linguistic influence. In C. Doughty and M. Long (Eds.), Handbook on Second Language Acquisition (pp. 436–486). Oxford: Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Omaki, A., & Schulz, B. (2011). Filler-gap dependencies and island constraints in second language sentence processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 331, 563–588. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Papadopoulou, D. & Clahsen, H. (2003). Parsing strategies in L1 and L2 sentence processing: A study of relative clause attachment in Greek. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 241, 501–528. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pliatsikas, C., & Marinis, T. (2013). Processing empty categories in a second language: When naturalistic exposure fills the (intermediate) gap. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 161, 167–182. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 1241, 372–422. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Roberts, L. (2008). Processing temporal constraints and some implications for the investigation of second language sentence processing and acquisition. Language Learning, 581, 57–61. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2013). Sentence processing in bilinguals. In R.P.G. van Gompel (ed.). Sentence processing (pp. 221–246). Hove: Psychology Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Roberts, L., Gullberg, M., & Indefrey, P. (2008). On-line pronoun resolution in L2 discourse: L1 influence and general learner effects. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 201, 333–357.. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sagarra, N., & Herschensohn, J. (2011) Proficiency and animacy effects on L2 gender agreement processes during comprehension. Language Learning, 611, 80–116. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schoonbaert, S., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Pickering, M. J. (2007). The representation of lexical and syntactic information in bilinguals: Evidence from syntactic priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 561, 153–171. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schwartz, A. I., & Kroll, J. F. (2006). Bilingual lexical activation in sentence context. Journal of Memory and Language, 551, 197–212. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schwartz, B.D. & Sprouse, R. A. (1996). L2 cognitive states and the Full Transfer/Full Access model. Second Language Research, 121, 40–72. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sorace, A. (2011). Pinning down the concept of "interface" in bilingualism. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 11, 1–33. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Strijkers, K., Costa, A., & Thierry, G. (2010). Tracking lexical access in speech production: electrophysiological correlates of word frequency and cognate effects. Cerebral Cortex, 201, 912–928. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tabor, W., Galantucci, B., & Richardson, D. (2004). Effects of merely local syntactic coherence on sentence processing. Journal of Memory and Language, 501, 355–370. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Titone, D., Libben, M., Mercier, J., Whitford, V., & Pivneva, I. (2011). Bilingual lexical access during L1sentence reading: the effects of L2 knowledge, semantic constraint, and L1-L2 intermixing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 371, 1412–1431.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tooley, K. M., & Traxler, M. J. (2010). Syntactic priming effects in comprehension: A critical review. Language and Linguistics Compass, 41, 925–937. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Townsend, David J., & Bever, Thomas G. (2001). Sentence comprehension: The integration of habits and rules. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Trueswell, J. C., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Garnsey, S. M. (1994). Semantic influences on parsing: Use of thematic role information in syntactic ambiguity resolution. Journal of Memory and Language, 331, 285–318. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Van Assche, E., Drieghe, D., Duyck, W., Welvaert, M., & Hartsuiker, R.J. (2011). The influence of semantic constraints on bilingual word recognition during sentence reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 641, 88–107. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Van Assche, E., Duyck, W., & Brysbaert, M. (2013). Verb processing by bilinguals in sentence contexts: The effect of cognate status and verb tense. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 351, 237–259. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Van Assche, E., Duyck, W., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2012). Bilingual word recognition in a sentence context. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 174. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Van Assche, E., Duyck, W., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Diependaele, K. (2009). Does bilingualism change native-language reading? Cognate effects in a sentence context. Psychological Science, 201, 923–927. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Van Hell, J.G., & De Groot, A. M. B. (2008). Sentence context modulates visual word recognition and translation in bilinguals. Acta Psychologica, 1281, 431–451. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Van Hell, J.G., & Tanner, D. (2012). Second language proficiency and cross-language activation. Language Learning, 621, 148–171. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Van Heuven, W.J.B., Mandera, P., Keuleers, E., & Brysbaert, M. (2014). Subtlex-UK: A new and improved word frequency database for British English. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 671, 1176–1190. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Van Orden, G. C. (1987). A ROWS is a ROSE: spelling, sound, and reading. Memory and Cognition, 151, 181–198. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Witzel, J., Witzel, N., & Nicol, J. (2012). Deeper than shallow: Evidence for structure-based parsing biases in second-language sentence processing. Applied Psycholinguistics, 331, 419–456. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cited by (35)

Cited by 35 other publications

Gastmann, Freya, Sarah Schimke & Gregory J. Poarch
2025. Conducting psycholinguistic research online: Comparable evidence of second language lexical and sentence-level processing in web-based versus lab-based studies. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Jacob, Gunnar, Hanife Ilen & Helen Engemann
2025. The role of cross-linguistic structural priming in contact-induced language change. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism DOI logo
Kim, Hyunwoo & Gyu-Ho Shin
2025. The interplay of verbs and argument structure constructions in second language processing: roles of verb’s lexical properties and verb–construction association. Cognitive Linguistics 36:1 ► pp. 59 ff. DOI logo
Lu, Binger & Robert J. Hartsuiker
2025. Sentence Processing Across Languages. In Reference Module in Social Sciences, DOI logo
Mingjia, Cai & Liao Xian
2025. The Effect of Executive Function on Word Recognition: Comparison Between Native Chinese and Learners with Chinese as A Second Language (CSL). Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 54:1 DOI logo
Tang, Chuanhong, Danfeng Huang & Andrew K. F. Cheung
2025. Cognitive constraints in bilingual processing—an entropy-based discrimination between translation and second language production. Frontiers in Psychology 16 DOI logo
Hopp, Holger, Sarah Schimke, Freya Gastmann, David Öwerdieck & Gregory J. Poarch
2024. Processing to learn noncanonical word orders: Exploring linguistic and cognitive predictors of reanalysis in early L2 sentence comprehension. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 46:3 ► pp. 686 ff. DOI logo
Jacob, Gunnar, Moritz Jonas Schaeffer, Katharina Oster & Silvia Hansen-Schirra
2024. The psycholinguistics of shining-through effects in translation: cross-linguistic structural priming or serial lexical co-activation?. Applied Psycholinguistics 45:3 ► pp. 542 ff. DOI logo
Lyu, Jun, Zuzanna Fuchs & Elsi Kaiser
2024. Anticipatory processing of cataphora is constrained by binding principles in L2 English. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 27:5 ► pp. 755 ff. DOI logo
Sanahuja, Noèlia & Kepa Erdocia
2024. The impact of cognate vocabulary on explicit L2 rule learning. Language Teaching Research DOI logo
Fernández Cuenca, Sara & Jill Jegerski
2023. A role for verb regularity in the L2 processing of the Spanish subjunctive mood: Evidence from eye-tracking. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 45:2 ► pp. 318 ff. DOI logo
Hopp, Holger & Theres Grüter
2023. The time-course of competition from the L1 grammar in L2 sentence processing: Evidence from cross-linguistic structural priming. Second Language Research 39:1 ► pp. 133 ff. DOI logo
Hopp, Holger & Carrie N. Jackson
2023. Asymmetrical effects of cross-linguistic structural priming on cross-linguistic influence in L2 learners. Applied Psycholinguistics 44:2 ► pp. 205 ff. DOI logo
Lijewska, Agnieszka
2023. The influence of semantic bias on triple non-identical cognates during reading: Evidence from trilinguals’ eye movements. Second Language Research 39:4 ► pp. 1235 ff. DOI logo
Limberger, Bernardo Kolling
2023. Leitura de sentenças em alemão por falantes de hunsriqueano: acesso lexical não seletivo e coativação sintática. Diacrítica 36:1 DOI logo
Yan, Shanshan, Ziyin Mai & Yang Zhao
2023. Positive cross-linguistic influence in the representation and processing of sentence-final particle le by L2 and heritage learners of Chinese. Frontiers in Psychology 14 DOI logo
Hessel, Annina K. & Sascha Schroeder
2022. Word processing difficulty and executive control interactively shape comprehension monitoring in a second language: an eye-tracking study. Reading and Writing 35:10 ► pp. 2287 ff. DOI logo
Hopp, Holger
2022. Second Language Sentence Processing. Annual Review of Linguistics 8:1 ► pp. 235 ff. DOI logo
Kim, Hyunwoo, Yunchuan Chen & Xueyan Liu
2022. Bilingual processing of verbal and constructional information in English dative constructions: effects of cross-linguistic influence. Cognitive Linguistics 33:4 ► pp. 701 ff. DOI logo
Klassen, Rachel, Nadine Kolb, Holger Hopp & Marit Westergaard
2022. Interactions between lexical and syntactic L1-L2 overlap: Effects of gender congruency on L2 sentence processing in L1 Spanish-L2 German speakers. Applied Psycholinguistics 43:6 ► pp. 1221 ff. DOI logo
van Dijk, Chantal, Ton Dijkstra & Sharon Unsworth
2022. Cross-linguistic influence during online sentence processing in bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 25:4 ► pp. 691 ff. DOI logo
Grüter, Theres & Holger Hopp
2021. How permeable are native and non-native syntactic processing to crosslinguistic influence?. Journal of Memory and Language 121 ► pp. 104281 ff. DOI logo
Requena, Pablo E. & Grant M. Berry
2021. Cross-linguistic influence in L1 processing of morphosyntactic variation: Evidence from L2 learners. Applied Psycholinguistics 42:1 ► pp. 153 ff. DOI logo
Wu, Fuyun, Jun Lyu & Yanan Sheng
2021. Effects of L1 Transfer Are Profound, Yet Native-Like Processing Strategy Is Attainable: Evidence From Advanced Learners’ Production of Complex L2 Chinese Structures. Frontiers in Psychology 12 DOI logo
Hayakawa, Sayuri & Viorica Marian
2020. Studying Bilingualism Through Eye-Tracking and Brain Imaging. In Bilingual Lexical Ambiguity Resolution, ► pp. 273 ff. DOI logo
Vaughan-Evans, Awel, Simon P. Liversedge, Gemma Fitzsimmons & Manon W. Jones
2020. Syntactic co-activation in natural reading. Visual Cognition 28:10 ► pp. 541 ff. DOI logo
Soares, Ana Paula, Helena Oliveira, Marisa Ferreira, Montserrat Comesaña, António Filipe Macedo, Pilar Ferré, Carlos Acuña-Fariña, Juan Hernández-Cabrera, Isabel Fraga & Christina Manouilidou
2019. Lexico-syntactic interactions during the processing of temporally ambiguous L2 relative clauses: An eye-tracking study with intermediate and advanced Portuguese-English bilinguals. PLOS ONE 14:5 ► pp. e0216779 ff. DOI logo
Gullifer, Jason W., Xiaoqian J. Chai, Veronica Whitford, Irina Pivneva, Shari Baum, Denise Klein & Debra Titone
2018. Bilingual experience and resting-state brain connectivity: Impacts of L2 age of acquisition and social diversity of language use on control networks. Neuropsychologia 117 ► pp. 123 ff. DOI logo
Halberstadt, Lauren, Jorge R. Valdés Kroff & Paola E. Dussias
2018. Grammatical gender processing in L2 speakers of Spanish. Journal of Second Language Studies 1:1 ► pp. 5 ff. DOI logo
Kim, Hyunwoo
2018. Second Language Processing of Korean Floating Numeral Quantifiers. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 47:5 ► pp. 1101 ff. DOI logo
Soares, Ana Paula, Helena Mendes Oliveira, Montserrat Comesaña & Ana Santos Costa
2018. Lexico-syntactic interactions in the resolution of relative clause ambiguities in a second language (L2): The role of cognate status and L2 proficiency. Psicológica Journal 39:2 ► pp. 164 ff. DOI logo
Yılmaz, Gülsen & Monika S. Schmid
2018. First language attrition and bilingualism. In Bilingual Cognition and Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 54], ► pp. 225 ff. DOI logo
Castro, Tammer, Jason Rothman & Marit Westergaard
2017. On the Directionality of Cross-Linguistic Effects in Bidialectal Bilingualism. Frontiers in Psychology 8 DOI logo
Jackson, Carrie N., Abigail Massaro & Holger Hopp
2017. The impact of L1 structural frequency and cognate status on the timing of L2 production. Journal of Cognitive Psychology 29:5 ► pp. 535 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2022. Bilingualism, Language Development and Processing across the Lifespan [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 15], DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 23 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue