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Article published In: Internal and External Factors in Child Second Language Acquisition
Edited by Aafke Hulk and Theodoros Marinis
[Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 1:3] 2011
► pp. 318–345

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Differential effects of internal and external factors on the development of vocabulary, tense morphology and morpho-syntax in successive bilingual children

 | School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingHarry Pitt BuildingReading RG6 6AL | Aalborg University, Denmark
 | School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingHarry Pitt BuildingReading RG6 6AL
Published online: 29 July 2011
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.1.3.05cho
The present study investigates the effects of child internal (age/time) and child external/environmental factors on the development of a wide range of language domains in successive bilingual (L2) Turkish-English children of homogeneously low SES. Forty-three L2 children were tested on standardized assessments examining the acquisition of vocabulary and morpho-syntax. The L2 children exhibited a differential acquisition of the various domains: they were better on the general comprehension of grammar and tense morphology and less accurate on the acquisition of vocabulary and (complex) morpho-syntax. Profile effects were confirmed by the differential effects of internal and external factors on the language domains. The development of vocabulary and complex syntax was affected by internal and external factors, whereas external factors had no contribution to the development of tense morphology. These results are discussed in light of previous studies on the impact of internal and external factors in child L2 acquisition.
Article outline
  • Introduction
  • Effects of internal and external factors on the acquisition of morpho-syntax vs. vocabulary
  • Present study
  • Methodology
    • Participants
  • Materials and procedures
    • Parental questionnaire
    • Age/Time related (Internal) factors
    • Environmental (External) factors
    • Standardized assessments
  • Results
    • Logistic regression analysis
  • Discussion
  • Profile effects across language domains
  • Profile effects and internal and external factors
  • Notes
  • Questionnaire — Language background
  • References
References (47)
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2021. Development of Reading Comprehension in Bilingual and Monolingual Children—Effects of Language Exposure. Languages 6:4 ► pp. 166 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne, Adriana Soto-Corominas, Evangelia Daskalaki, Xi Chen & Alexandra Gottardo
2021. Morphosyntactic Development in First Generation Arabic—English Children: The Effect of Cognitive, Age, and Input Factors over Time and across Languages. Languages 6:1 ► pp. 51 ff. DOI logo
Smolander, Sini, Marja Laasonen, Eva Arkkila, Pekka Lahti‐Nuuttila & Sari Kunnari
2021. L2 vocabulary acquisition of early sequentially bilingual children with TD and DLD affected differently by exposure and age of onset. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 56:1 ► pp. 72 ff. DOI logo
Sun, He, Marc H. Bornstein & Gianluca Esposito
2021. The Specificity Principle in Young Dual Language Learners’ English Development. Child Development 92:5 ► pp. 1752 ff. DOI logo
Tao, Lily, Qing Cai & Tamar H. Gollan
2021. Effects of cumulative language exposure on heritage and majority language skills. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 11:2 ► pp. 168 ff. DOI logo
Torregrossa, Jacopo, Maria Andreou, Christiane Bongartz & Ianthi Maria Tsimpli
2021. Bilingual acquisition of reference: The role of language experience, executive functions and cross-linguistic effects. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24:4 ► pp. 694 ff. DOI logo
Valentini, Alessandra & Ludovica Serratrice
2021. What Can Bilingual Children Tell Us About the Developmental Relationship Between Vocabulary and Grammar?. Cognitive Science 45:11 DOI logo
VAN WONDEREN, Elise & Sharon UNSWORTH
2021. Testing the validity of the Cross-Linguistic Lexical Task as a measure of language proficiency in bilingual children. Journal of Child Language 48:6 ► pp. 1101 ff. DOI logo
ANTONIJEVIC, Stanislava, Sarah Ann MUCKLEY & Nicole MÜLLER
2020. The role of consistency in use of morphosyntactic forms in child-directed speech in the acquisition of Irish, a minority language undergoing rapid language change. Journal of Child Language 47:2 ► pp. 267 ff. DOI logo
CHONDROGIANNI, Vasiliki & Richard G. SCHWARTZ
2020. Case marking and word order in Greek heritage children. Journal of Child Language 47:4 ► pp. 766 ff. DOI logo
Core, Cynthia
2020. Effects of nonnative input on language abilities in Spanish-English bilinguals. In Child bilingualism and second language learning [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 10], ► pp. 87 ff. DOI logo
DASKALAKI, Evangelia, Elma BLOM, Vasiliki CHONDROGIANNI & Johanne PARADIS
2020. Effects of parental input quality in child heritage language acquisition. Journal of Child Language 47:4 ► pp. 709 ff. DOI logo
Ergün, Anna Lia Proietti
2020. Crosslinguistic Interference in Simultaneous Acquisition of Turkish and Italian. Open Linguistics 6:1 ► pp. 512 ff. DOI logo
Hamann, Cornelia, Solveig Chilla, Lina Abed Ibrahim & István Fekete
2020. Language assessment tools for Arabic-speaking heritage and refugee children in Germany. Applied Psycholinguistics 41:6 ► pp. 1375 ff. DOI logo
HOFF, Erika, Cynthia CORE & Katherine F. SHANKS
2020. The quality of child-directed speech depends on the speaker's language proficiency. Journal of Child Language 47:1 ► pp. 132 ff. DOI logo
Kaltsa, Maria, Alexandra Prentza, Despina Papadopoulou & Ianthi Maria Tsimpli
2020. Language external and language internal factors in the acquisition of gender: the case of Albanian-Greek and English-Greek bilingual children. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 23:8 ► pp. 981 ff. DOI logo
Kaltsa, Maria, Alexandra Prentza & Ianthi Maria Tsimpli
2020. Input and literacy effects in simultaneous and sequential bilinguals: The performance of Albanian–Greek-speaking children in sentence repetition. International Journal of Bilingualism 24:2 ► pp. 159 ff. DOI logo
Komeili, Mariam, Theodoros Marinis, Parvaneh Tavakoli & Yalda Kazemi
2020. Sentence Repetition in Farsi-English Bilingual Children. Journal of the European Second Language Association 4:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Lloyd-Smith, Anika, Fatih Bayram & Mike Iverson
2020. The effects of heritage language experience on lexical and morphosyntactic outcomes. In Studies in Turkish as a heritage language [Studies in Bilingualism, 60], ► pp. 63 ff. DOI logo
Novogrodsky, Rama & Natalia Meir
2020. Multilingual Children with Special Needs in Early Education. In Handbook of Early Language Education [Springer International Handbooks of Education, ], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Novogrodsky, Rama & Natalia Meir
2022. Multilingual Children with Special Needs in Early Education. In Handbook of Early Language Education [Springer International Handbooks of Education, ], ► pp. 669 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne, Adriana Soto-Corominas, Xi Chen & Alexandra Gottardo
2020. How language environment, age, and cognitive capacity support the bilingual development of Syrian refugee children recently arrived in Canada. Applied Psycholinguistics 41:6 ► pp. 1255 ff. DOI logo
Prentza, Alexandra & Maria Kaltsa
2020. Linguistic Profiling of Heritage Speakers of an Endangered Language: The Case of Vlach Aromanian–Greek Bilinguals. Open Linguistics 6:1 ► pp. 626 ff. DOI logo
Rodina, Yulia, Tanja Kupisch, Natalia Meir, Natalia Mitrofanova, Olga Urek & Marit Westergaard
2020. Internal and External Factors in Heritage Language Acquisition: Evidence From Heritage Russian in Israel, Germany, Norway, Latvia and the United Kingdom. Frontiers in Education 5 DOI logo
Sorenson Duncan, Tamara & Johanne Paradis
2020. How does maternal education influence the linguistic environment supporting bilingual language development in child second language learners of English?. International Journal of Bilingualism 24:1 ► pp. 46 ff. DOI logo
SORENSON DUNCAN, Tamara & Johanne PARADIS
2020. Home language environment and children's second language acquisition: the special status of input from older siblings. Journal of Child Language 47:5 ► pp. 982 ff. DOI logo
Soto-Corominas, Adriana, Johanne Paradis, Brian V. Rusk, Stefka Marinova-Todd & Xuan Zhang
2020. ORAL LANGUAGE PROFILES OF ENGLISH SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS IN ADOLESCENCE. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42:4 ► pp. 697 ff. DOI logo
Talli, Ioanna & Stavroula Stavrakaki
2020. Short-term memory, working memory and linguistic abilities in bilingual children with Developmental Language Disorder. First Language 40:4 ► pp. 437 ff. DOI logo
Wulff, Stefanie & Stefan Th. Gries
2020. Exploring Individual Variation in Learner Corpus Research: Methodological Suggestions. In Learner Corpus Research Meets Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 191 ff. DOI logo
Abed Ibrahim, Lina & István Fekete
2019. What Machine Learning Can Tell Us About the Role of Language Dominance in the Diagnostic Accuracy of German LITMUS Non-word and Sentence Repetition Tasks. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Binks, Hanna L. & Enlli Môn Thomas
2019. Long-term outcomes for bilinguals in minority language contexts: Welsh–English teenagers’ performance on measures of grammatical gender and plural morphology in Welsh. Applied Psycholinguistics 40:4 ► pp. 1019 ff. DOI logo
Chondrogianni, Vasiliki & Hyowon Kwon
2019. The development of English tense and agreement morphology in Welsh–English bilingual children with and without specific language impairment. Applied Psycholinguistics 40:4 ► pp. 821 ff. DOI logo
Govindarajan, Krithika & Johanne Paradis
2019. Narrative abilities of bilingual children with and without Developmental Language Disorder (SLI): Differentiation and the role of age and input factors. Journal of Communication Disorders 77 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Hopp, Holger, Anja Steinlen, Christina Schelletter & Thorsten Piske
2019. Syntactic development in early foreign language learning: Effects of L1 transfer, input, and individual factors. Applied Psycholinguistics 40:05 ► pp. 1241 ff. DOI logo
Kaltsa, Maria, Ianthi Maria Tsimpli & Froso Argyri
2019. The development of gender assignment and agreement in English-Greek and German-Greek bilingual children. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 9:2 ► pp. 253 ff. DOI logo
Keilmann, Annerose, Barbara Friese & Vanessa Hoffmann
2019. Receptive and productive speech and language abilities in hearing-impaired children with German as a second language. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 120 ► pp. 100 ff. DOI logo
Miller, Margaret K., Lauren Calandruccio, Emily Buss, Ryan W. McCreery, Jacob Oleson, Barbara Rodriguez & Lori J. Leibold
2019. Masked English Speech Recognition Performance in Younger and Older Spanish–English Bilingual and English Monolingual Children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62:12 ► pp. 4578 ff. DOI logo
Papastefanou, Theodora, Daisy Powell & Theodoros Marinis
2019. Language and Decoding Skills in Greek-English Primary School Bilingual Children: Effects of Language Dominance, Contextual Factors and Cross-Language Relationships Between the Heritage and the Majority Language. Frontiers in Communication 4 DOI logo
Prentza, Alexandra, Maria Kaltsa, Ianthi Maria Tsimpli & Despina Papadopoulou
2019. The acquisition of Greek gender by bilingual children: The effects of lexical knowledge, oral input, literacy and bi/monolingual schooling. International Journal of Bilingualism 23:5 ► pp. 901 ff. DOI logo
Scherger, Anna-Lena
2019. Elicited Subject-Verb Agreement in German Early L2 Children with Developmental Language Disorders. Journal of the European Second Language Association 3:1 ► pp. 46 ff. DOI logo
Schulz, Petra & Angela Grimm
2019. The Age Factor Revisited: Timing in Acquisition Interacts With Age of Onset in Bilingual Acquisition. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Sun, He
2019. Home Environment, Bilingual Preschooler’s Receptive Mother Tongue Language Outcomes, and Social-Emotional and Behavioral Skills: One Stone for Two Birds?. Frontiers in Psychology 10 DOI logo
Sun, He
2022. Harmonious Bilingual Development: The Concept, the Significance, and the Implications. In Early Childhood Development and Education in Singapore [Empowering Teaching and Learning through Policies and Practice: Singapore and International Perspectives, 2], ► pp. 261 ff. DOI logo
Altman, Carmit, Tamara Goldstein & Sharon Armon-Lotem
2018. Vocabulary, Metalinguistic Awareness and Language Dominance Among Bilingual Preschool Children. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Barragan, Beatriz, Anny Castilla-Earls, Lourdes Martinez-Nieto, M. Adelaida Restrepo & Shelley Gray
2018. Performance of Low-Income Dual Language Learners Attending English-Only Schools on the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Fourth Edition, Spanish. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 49:2 ► pp. 292 ff. DOI logo
Bedore, Lisa M., Elizabeth D. Peña, Jissel B. Anaya, Ricardo Nieto, Mirza J. Lugo-Neris & Alisa Baron
2018. Understanding Disorder Within Variation: Production of English Grammatical Forms by English Language Learners. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 49:2 ► pp. 277 ff. DOI logo
Chondrogianni, Vasiliki (Vicky)
2018. Child L2 acquisition. In Bilingual Cognition and Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 54], ► pp. 103 ff. DOI logo
Fleckstein, Alice, Philippe Prévost, Laurice Tuller, Eva Sizaret & Rasha Zebib
2018. How to identify SLI in bilingual children: A study on sentence repetition in French. Language Acquisition 25:1 ► pp. 85 ff. DOI logo
Gagarina, Natalia & Annegret Klassert
2018. Input Dominance and Development of Home Language in Russian-German Bilinguals. Frontiers in Communication 3 DOI logo
GRANFELDT, JONAS
2018. The development of gender in simultaneous and successive bilingual acquisition of French – Evidence for AOA and input effects. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21:4 ► pp. 674 ff. DOI logo
Grüter, Theres
2018. Processing at Higher Levels. In The Listening Bilingual, ► pp. 199 ff. DOI logo
Mitrofanova, Natalia, Yulia Rodina, Olga Urek & Marit Westergaard
2018. Bilinguals’ Sensitivity to Grammatical Gender Cues in Russian: The Role of Cumulative Input, Proficiency, and Dominance. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Nicoladis, Elena
2018. Simultaneous child bilingualism. In Bilingual Cognition and Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 54], ► pp. 81 ff. DOI logo
Sun, He, Rasmus Steinkrauss, Martijn Wieling & Kees de Bot
2018. Individual differences in very young Chinese children’s English vocabulary breadth and semantic depth: internal and external factors. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 21:4 ► pp. 405 ff. DOI logo
SUN, HE, BIN YIN, NUR FARINA BEGUM BINTE AMSAH & BETH ANN O'BRIEN
2018. Differential effects of internal and external factors in early bilingual vocabulary learning: The case of Singapore. Applied Psycholinguistics 39:2 ► pp. 383 ff. DOI logo
TAO, LILY & QING CAI
2018. Effects of early home language environment II: Speech comprehension and cognitive functions. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21:3 ► pp. 537 ff. DOI logo
Unsworth, Sharon, Vicky Chondrogianni & Barbora Skarabela
2018. Experiential Measures Can Be Used as a Proxy for Language Dominance in Bilingual Language Acquisition Research. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Almeida, Laetitia de, Sandrine Ferré, Eléonore Morin, Philippe Prévost, Christophe dos Santos, Laurie Tuller, Racha Zebib & Marie-Anne Barthez
2017. Identification of bilingual children with Specific Language Impairment in France. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:3-4 ► pp. 331 ff. DOI logo
Almeida, Laetitia de, Sandrine Ferré, Eléonore Morin, Philippe Prévost, Christophe dos Santos, Laurie Tuller, Racha Zebib & Marie-Anne Barthez
2021. Identification of bilingual children with Specific Language Impairment in France. In Language Impairment in Multilingual Settings [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 29], ► pp. 169 ff. DOI logo
Armon-Lotem, Sharon & Odelya Ohana
2017. A CDI study of bilingual English-Hebrew children – frequency of exposure as a major source of variation. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 20:2 ► pp. 201 ff. DOI logo
Boerma, Tessel, Paul Leseman, Frank Wijnen & Elma Blom
2017. Language Proficiency and Sustained Attention in Monolingual and Bilingual Children with and without Language Impairment. Frontiers in Psychology 8 DOI logo
Geist, Barbara
2017. Wortschatz von Kindern mit Deutsch als Zweitsprache. Frühe Bildung 6:3 ► pp. 124 ff. DOI logo
Haman, Ewa, Zofia Wodniecka, Marta Marecka, Jakub Szewczyk, Marta Białecka-Pikul, Agnieszka Otwinowska, Karolina Mieszkowska, Magdalena Łuniewska, Joanna Kołak, Aneta Miękisz, Agnieszka Kacprzak, Natalia Banasik & Małgorzata Foryś-Nogala
2017. How Does L1 and L2 Exposure Impact L1 Performance in Bilingual Children? Evidence from Polish-English Migrants to the United Kingdom. Frontiers in Psychology 8 DOI logo
KARLSEN, JANNICKE, SOLVEIG-ALMA HALAAS LYSTER & ARNE LERVÅG
2017. Vocabulary development in Norwegian L1 and L2 learners in the kindergarten–school transition. Journal of Child Language 44:2 ► pp. 402 ff. DOI logo
Khoury Aouad Saliby, Christel, Christophe dos Santos, Edith Kouba Hreich & Camille Messarra
2017. Assessing Lebanese bilingual children: The use of Cross-linguistic Lexical Tasks in Lebanese Arabic. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 31:11-12 ► pp. 874 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne & Ruiting Jia
2017. Bilingual children's long‐term outcomes in English as a second language: language environment factors shape individual differences in catching up with monolinguals. Developmental Science 20:1 DOI logo
PARADIS, JOHANNE, RUITING JIA & ANTTI ARPPE
2017. The acquisition of tense morphology over time by English second language children with specific language impairment: Testing the cumulative effects hypothesis. Applied Psycholinguistics 38:4 ► pp. 881 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne, Brian Rusk, Tamara Sorenson Duncan & Krithika Govindarajan
2017. Children's Second Language Acquisition of English Complex Syntax: The Role of Age, Input, and Cognitive Factors. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 37 ► pp. 148 ff. DOI logo
WILLIAMS, NIA & ENLLI MÔN THOMAS
2017. Exploring minority language input sources as means of supporting the early development of second language vocabulary and grammar. Applied Psycholinguistics 38:4 ► pp. 855 ff. DOI logo
Alejo, Rafael & Ana Piquer-Píriz
2016. Urban vs. rural CLIL: an analysis of input-related variables, motivation and language attainment. Language, Culture and Curriculum 29:3 ► pp. 245 ff. DOI logo
BEDORE, LISA M., ELIZABETH D. PEÑA, ZENZI M. GRIFFIN & J. GREGORY HIXON
2016. Effects of Age of English Exposure, Current Input/Output, and grade on bilingual language performance. Journal of Child Language 43:3 ► pp. 687 ff. DOI logo
de Almeida, Laetitia, Sandrine Ferré, Eléonore Morin, Philippe Prévost, Christophe dos Santos, Laurie Tuller, Rasha Zebib, F. Neveu, G. Bergounioux, M.-H. Côté, J.-M. Fournier, L. Hriba & S. Prévost
2016. L’identification d’enfants bilingues avec Trouble Spécifique du Langage en France. SHS Web of Conferences 27 ► pp. 10005 ff. DOI logo
Ebert, Kerry Danahy & Kathryn Kohnert
2016. Language learning impairment in sequential bilingual children. Language Teaching 49:3 ► pp. 301 ff. DOI logo
Haznedar, Belma & F. Nihan Ketrez
2016. Introduction. In The Acquisition of Turkish in Childhood [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 20], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Meir, Natalia, Joel Walters & Sharon Armon-Lotem
2016. Disentangling SLI and bilingualism using sentence repetition tasks: the impact of L1 and L2 properties. International Journal of Bilingualism 20:4 ► pp. 421 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne
2016. The Development of English as a Second Language With and Without Specific Language Impairment: Clinical Implications. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 59:1 ► pp. 171 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne
2016. An agenda for knowledge-oriented research on bilingualism in children with developmental disorders. Journal of Communication Disorders 63 ► pp. 79 ff. DOI logo
PARADIS, Johanne
2023. Sources of individual differences in the dual language development of heritage bilinguals. Journal of Child Language 50:4 ► pp. 793 ff. DOI logo
PARADIS, JOHANNE, YASEMIN TULPAR & ANTTI ARPPE
2016. Chinese L1 children's English L2 verb morphology over time: individual variation in long-term outcomes. Journal of Child Language 43:3 ► pp. 553 ff. DOI logo
ROESCH, ANNE DOROTHEE & VASILIKI CHONDROGIANNI
2016. “Which mouse kissed the frog?”Effects of age of onset, length of exposure, and knowledge of case marking on the comprehension ofwh-questions in German-speaking simultaneous and early sequential bilingual children. Journal of Child Language 43:3 ► pp. 635 ff. DOI logo
Scheidnes, Maureen & Laurice Tuller
2016. Assessing successive bilinguals in two languages: A longitudinal look at English-speaking children in France. Journal of Communication Disorders 64 ► pp. 45 ff. DOI logo
SUN, HE, RASMUS STEINKRAUSS, JORGE TENDEIRO & KEES DE BOT
2016. Individual differences in very young children's English acquisition in China: Internal and external factors. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19:3 ► pp. 550 ff. DOI logo
Andreou, Maria, Eva Knopp, Christiane Bongartz & Ianthi Maria Tsimpli
2015. Character reference in Greek-German bilingual children’s narratives. EUROSLA Yearbook 15 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
BLOM, ELMA & JOHANNE PARADIS
2015. Sources of individual differences in the acquisition of tense inflection by English second language learners with and without specific language impairment. Applied Psycholinguistics 36:4 ► pp. 953 ff. DOI logo
Chondrogianni, Vasiliki, Nada Vasić, Theodoros Marinis & Elma Blom
2015. Production and on-line comprehension of definiteness in English and Dutch by monolingual and sequential bilingual children. Second Language Research 31:3 ► pp. 309 ff. DOI logo
Schmitt, C., A. Simoës & A. Laloi
2015. L’évaluation du langage oral chez les enfants bilingues au moyen d’une batterie standardisée pour monolingues. Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence 63:7 ► pp. 431 ff. DOI logo
Zaretsky, Eugen & Benjamin P. Lange
2015. Ob Italienisch Deutsch fördert. Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics 4:1 ► pp. 122 ff. DOI logo
Armon-Lotem, Sharon, Susan Joffe, Hadar Abutbul-Oz, Carmit Altman & Joel Walters
2014. Language exposure, ethnolinguistic identity and attitudes in the acquisition of Hebrew as a second language among bilingual preschool children from Russian- and English-speaking backgrounds. In Input and Experience in Bilingual Development [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 13], ► pp. 77 ff. DOI logo
Cornips, Leonie M.E.A.
2014. Socio-syntax and variation in acquisition. Linguistic Variation 14:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
THOMAS, ENLLI MÔN, NIA WILLIAMS, LLINOS ANGHARAD JONES, SUSI DAVIES & HANNA BINKS
2014. Acquiring complex structures under minority language conditions: Bilingual acquisition of plural morphology in Welsh. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 17:3 ► pp. 478 ff. DOI logo
Tsimpli, Ianthi Maria
2014. Early, late or very late?. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4:3 ► pp. 283 ff. DOI logo
UNSWORTH, SHARON, FROSO ARGYRI, LEONIE CORNIPS, AAFKE HULK, ANTONELLA SORACE & IANTHI TSIMPLI
2014. The role of age of onset and input in early child bilingualism in Greek and Dutch. Applied Psycholinguistics 35:4 ► pp. 765 ff. DOI logo
Ågren, Malin, Jonas Granfeldt & Anita Thomas
2014.  Combined effects of age of onset and input on the development of different grammatical structures. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4:4 ► pp. 462 ff. DOI logo
Marinis, Theodoros & Douglas Saddy
2013. Parsing the Passive: Comparing Children With Specific Language Impairment to Sequential Bilingual Children. Language Acquisition 20:2 ► pp. 155 ff. DOI logo
Smyk, Ekaterina, M. Adelaida Restrepo, Joanna S. Gorin & Shelley Gray
2013. Development and Validation of the Spanish–English Language Proficiency Scale (SELPS). Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 44:3 ► pp. 252 ff. DOI logo
UNSWORTH, SHARON
2013. Assessing the role of current andcumulativeexposure in simultaneous bilingual acquisition: The case of Dutch gender. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16:1 ► pp. 86 ff. DOI logo
Unsworth, Sharon
2013. Current Issues in Multilingual First Language Acquisition. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 33 ► pp. 21 ff. DOI logo
Unsworth, Sharon
2014. Comparing the role of input in bilingual acquisition across domains. In Input and Experience in Bilingual Development [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 13], ► pp. 181 ff. DOI logo
UNSWORTH, SHARON
2016. Early child L2 acquisition: Age or input effects? Neither, or both?. Journal of Child Language 43:3 ► pp. 608 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2021. Why bilingual development is not easy [Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 61], ► pp. 129 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2022. Bilingualism, Language Development and Processing across the Lifespan [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 15], DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 23 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

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