In:The Development of Speaker-Oriented Adverbs in English: Reanalysis, ellipsis, lexicalization or analogy?
Dagmar Haumann and Kristin Killie
[Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 287] 2025
► pp. v–viii
Published online: 13 February 2025
https://doi.org/10.1075/la.287.toc
https://doi.org/10.1075/la.287.toc
Table of contents
Acknowledgements
ix
Chapter 1.Introduction
1
1.1SOAs in earlier English
2
1.2Hypotheses about the development of speaker-oriented adverbs
4
1.3Briefly on corpora and methodology
5
1.4The structure of the book
6
Chapter 2.The syntax of SOAs and their narrow-scope counterparts
7
2.1Setting the scene
7
2.2Linear adverb positions and the hierarchical structure behind them
13
2.2.1Narrow-scope adverbs
21
2.2.2SOAs
25
2.3Outlook
45
Chapter 3.Theoretical underpinnings: The role of reanalysis and analogy
46
3.1Introduction
46
3.2Grammaticalization
46
3.3Subjectivity and subjectification
51
3.4Grammaticalization, subjectification and the role of conversational inferences: The case of
while
52
3.5Intersubjectivity and intersubjectification
54
3.6Conversational inferences and bridging contexts
56
3.7Reanalysis without ambiguity
61
3.8Analogy
63
3.9Outlook
65
Chapter 4.Hypotheses about the development of speaker-oriented adverbs in English
66
4.1‘Sentence-adverb shifts’: Swan (1988a, 1988b, 1991)
66
4.2Reanalysis accounts with no discussion of bridging contexts
69
4.3Reanalysis accounts which discuss bridging contexts
70
4.4An ellipsis account: Fischer (2007)
75
4.5Lexicalization accounts: Berry (2011, 2018)
76
4.6Analogy accounts
79
4.7Alternative accounts
81
4.8Hypotheses to be discussed against our data
82
Chapter 5.Corpus, data and method
84
5.1The corpus
84
5.2The adverbs selected
85
5.3Data annotation
88
5.3.1A note on verbal and adjectival passives
94
5.3.2A note on orthographic conventions, comma intonation, and parenthetically used adverbs
95
5.4Outlook
96
Chapter 6.Illocutionary adverbs
97
6.1The meanings of the adverbs in the illocutionary subset
97
6.1.1Content-related illocutionary adverbs and their
narrow-scope counterparts 97
narrow-scope counterparts 97
6.1.2Form-related illocutionary adverbs and their
narrow-scope counterparts 100
narrow-scope counterparts 100
6.2The overall occurrence of the adverbs in the illocutionary subset
101
6.3Testing the hypotheses empirically
103
6.3.1Hypothesis I–III: Reanalysis
103
6.3.2Hypothesis IV: Lexicalization through ellipsis
111
6.3.3Hypothesis VI: Analogy
113
6.4An alternative account of the development of illocutionary adverbs
114
6.5Conclusion
119
Chapter 7.Evaluative adverbs
121
7.1The meanings of the adverbs in the evaluative subset
121
7.1.1Fortunately
121
7.1.2Happily
122
7.1.3Surprisingly
122
7.2The overall occurrence of the adverbs in the evaluative set
123
7.3Testing the hypotheses empirically
124
7.3.1Hypotheses I–III: Reanalysis
124
7.3.2Hypothesis V: Lexicalization of relator -ly:
The copular-clause hypothesis 139
The copular-clause hypothesis 139
7.3.3Hypothesis VI: Analogy
140
7.4Conclusion
141
Chapter 8.Evidential adverbs
142
8.1Preliminaries: Evidentiality, evidential vs. epistemic adverbs
142
8.2The meanings of the adverbs in the evidential subset
145
8.2.1Apparently
145
8.2.2Evidently
146
8.2.3Obviously
146
8.3The overall occurrence of the adverbs in the evidential subset
147
8.4Testing the hypotheses empirically
148
8.4.1Hypothesis I–III: Reanalysis
148
8.4.2Hypothesis V: Lexicalization of relator -ly:
The copular-clause hypothesis 154
The copular-clause hypothesis 154
8.4.3Hypothesis VI: Analogy
155
8.5Conclusion
155
Chapter 9.Concluding discussion
156
9.1Evaluating the hypotheses
156
9.1.1Hypothesis I: From narrow-scope adverb to SOA
156
9.1.2Hypothesis II: Reanalysis in initial position
158
9.1.3Hypothesis III: Reanalysis in medial position
158
9.1.4Hypothesis IV: Lexicalization through ellipsis
159
9.1.5Hypothesis V: Lexicalization of copula-based structures
159
9.1.6Hypothesis VI: Analogy
160
9.2A multiple-source account of the development of SOAs
160
Corpora
162
Cited corpus works
162
References
168
Index
185
