In:Structuring Variation in Romance Linguistics and Beyond: In honour of Leonardo M. Savoia
Edited by Mirko Grimaldi, Rosangela Lai, Ludovico Franco and Benedetta Baldi
[Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 252] 2018
► pp. 97–109
Chapter 6On gender and number
A psycholinguistic review
Published online: 19 December 2018
https://doi.org/10.1075/la.252.06lor
https://doi.org/10.1075/la.252.06lor
Abstract
In the theory of agreement developed by Chomsky (2000, 2001) φ features are undifferentiated, they are organized in a bundle of features, despite the intrinsically different information that each of them carries. However, while person is found to have an autonomous status in many psycholinguistic studies, number and gender show contrasting results: some studies show a crucial difference in the processing of number and gender, others, mainly ERP, do not. We will review the different psycholinguistic findings and we will propose that number and gender simply denote different nominal classes. The difference found in some experiments for number and gender maybe linked to when the feature is made available in the comprehension of the sentence (early/late cues).
Keywords: φ features, gender, number
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.On the Feature Strength Hypothesis: Number over gender
- 3.Inflectional noun class morphology
- 4.Possible explanations for the different status of number and gender in comprehension tasks
- 5.Concluding remarks
Notes References
References (33)
Acuña Fariña, Carlos. 2008. The linguistics and psycholinguistics of agreement: A tutorial overview. Lingua 119: 389–424.
Arosio, Flavia, Adani, Flavia & Guasti, Maria Teresa. 2009. Processing grammatical features by Italian children. In Merging Features: Computation, Interpretation, and Acquisition, Jose Maria Brucart, Anna Gavarrò & Jaume Sola (eds), 138–155. Oxford: OUP.
Barber, Horacio & Manuel Carreiras. 2005. Grammatical gender and number agreement in Spanish: An ERP comparison. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17(1): 137–153.
Barber, Horacio, Salillas, Elena & Carreiras, Manuel. 2004. Gender or genders agreement? In On-line Study of Sentence Comprehension; Eye-tracking, ERP and Beyond, Manuel Carreiras & Charles Clifton (eds), Psychology Press, 309–327, Brighton, UK.
Carminati, Maria. 2005. Processing reflexes of the Feature Hierarchy and implications for linguistic theory. Lingua 115: 259–285.
Chomsky, Noam. 2000. Minimalist inquiries. In Step by Step: Essays in Minimalist Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik, Roger Martin, David Michaels & Juan Uriagereka (eds), 89–155. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
. 2001. Derivation by phase. In Ken Hale: A Life in Language, Michael Kenstowicz (ed.), 1–52. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
Déchaine, Rose-Marie, Girard, Raphaël, Mudzingwa, Raphaël, & Martina Wiltschko. 2014. The internal syntax of Shona class prefixes. Language Sciences 43: 18–46.
De Vincenzi, Marica. 1999. Differences between the morphology of gender and number: Evidence from establishing coreferences. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 28: 537–553.
Di Domenico, Elisa & De Vincenzi, Marica. 1995. Gender and number in the retrieval of pronoun antecedents: Differences in use and representation. In Actes du deuxième colloque Langues et grammaire, Lea Nash, George Tsoulas & Anne Zribi-Herts (eds), 95–109, Paris.
Franco, Ludovico, Manzini, M. Rita & Savoia, Leonardo M. 2015. N Class and its interpretation: The neuter in central Italian varieties and its implications. Isogloss. A Journal on Variation of Romance and Iberian Languages, 41–68.
Gow, David W. & Gordon, Peter C. 1995. Lexical and prelexical influences on word segmentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 21(2): 344–359.
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1963. Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements. In Universals of Human Language, Joseph H., Greenberg (ed), 73–113. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Guasti, Maria Teresa, Rotondi, Irene, Vernice, Mirta & Franck, Julie. 2012. The processing of center embedded relative clauses in French and Italian. Poster at AMLaP, Riva del Garda, Italy.
Gunter, Thomas C., Friederici, Angela D. & Schriefers, Herbert. 2000. Syntactic gender and semantic expectancy: ERPs reveal early autonomy and late interaction. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12: 556–568.
Hagoort, Peter & Brown, Collin M. 1999. Gender electrified: ERP evidence on the syntactic nature of gender processing. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 28(6): 715–728.
Lewis, Richard & Vasishthb, Shravan. 2005. An activation-based model of sentence processing as skilled memory retrieval. Cognitive Science 29: 375–419.
Mancini, Simona, Molinaro, Nicola, Rizzi, Luigi & Carreiras, Manuel. 2011. A person is not a number: Discourse involvement in subject-verb agreement computation. Brain Research 1410: 64–76.
Manzini, M. Rita & Savoia, Leonardo M. 2005. I dialetti italiani e romanci. Morfosintassi generativa, 3 Vols. Alessandria: Edizioni dell’Orso.
2007. A Unification of Morphology and Syntax. Studies in Romance and Albanian Varieties. London: Routledge.
2010. Case as denotation: Variation in Romance. Studi Italiani di Linguistica Teorica e Applicata XXXIX(3): 409– 438.
2014. From Latin to Romance: Case loss and preservation in pronominal systems. Probus 26(2): 217–248.
Molinaro, Nicola, Vespignani, Francesco, & Job, Remo. 2008. A deeper reanalysis of a superficial feature: An ERP study on agreement violations. Brain Research 1228: 161–176.
Nevins, Andrew, Dillon, Brian, Malhotra, Shiti & Collin Phillips. 2007. The role of feature-number and feature-type in processing Hindi verb agreement violations. Brain Research 1164: 81–94.
Osterhout, Lee & Linda A. Mobley. 1995. Event-related brain potentials elicited by failure to agree. Journal of Memory and Language 34: 739–773.
Tabor, Whitney & Hutchins, Sean. 2004. Evidence for self-organized sentence processing: Digging-in effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 30(2): 431–450.
Vigliocco, Gabriella, Hartsuiker, Robert, Jarema, Gonia & Herman H. J. Kolk. 1996. One or more labels on the bottles? Notional concord in Dutch and French. Language and Cognitive Processes 11: 407–442.
Villata, Sandra, Franco, Ludovico & Lorusso, Paolo. 2017. Digging-in effects in Italian relative clauses, talk presented at Experimental psycholinguistic conference, Minorca 28 June.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 22 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
