Article published In: Journal of Second Language Studies
Vol. 6:1 (2023) ► pp.61–94
Developing and evaluating a contextualized interactional competence rating scale based on a metaphorical conceptualization
A pragmatic mixed-method approach
Published online: 10 January 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/jsls.22003.nei
https://doi.org/10.1075/jsls.22003.nei
Abstract
Rating scales developed to measure interactional competence (IC) are mainly data-driven which can incur
unaffordable costs for assessment practitioners with limited resources, such as universities using this test for placement
purposes. A cheaper alternative is to use models proposed in the literature to develop such rating scales. This mixed-methods
study evaluates a contextualized analytic IC rating scale developed based on Galaczi, E., & Taylor, L. (2018). Interactional
Competence: Conceptualisations, Operationalisations, and Outstanding Questions. Language
Assessment
Quarterly, 15(3), 219–236. metaphorical conceptualization of IC. A many-facet Rasch analysis indicated this rating scale could
separate examinees into three levels of ability, which was lower than the expected four levels. To explore this finding, raters
were interviewed about their experiences of using this rating scale. The findings show the potential and limitations of developing
contextualized IC ratings scales based on literature and possible avenues for future research. They also suggest a direct
interaction between assessment and instructional practices of IC with implications for language teaching.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Literature review
- 3.Material and methods
- 3.1Participants
- 3.2Materials
- 3.2.1Videos
- 3.2.2Rating scale
- 3.3Procedures
- 4.Results
- 4.1Quantitative analysis
- 4.2Qualitative analysis
- 5.Discussion
- 6.Conclusion
References
References (50)
Bachman, L. F. (2004). Fundamental
considerations in language testing (7. impr). Oxford Univ. Press.
Bonk, W. J., & Ockey, G. J. (2003). A
many-facet Rasch analysis of the second language group oral discussion task. Language
Testing, 20(1), 89–110.
Borger, L. (2019). Assessing
interactional skills in a paired speaking test. Apples – Journal of Applied Language
Studies, 13(1), 151–174.
Canale, M. (1983). From
communicative competence to communicative langauge pedagogy. In J. C. Richards & R. W. Schmidt (Eds.), Language
and
communication (pp. 2–28). Longman.
Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical
bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied
Linguistics, 1(1), 1–47.
Creswell, J. W. (2010). Mapping
th edeveloping landscape of mixed methods research. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Sage
handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (2nd
ed., pp. 45–68). SAGE Publications.
Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research
methods in applied linguistics: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methodologies. Oxford University Press.
Ducasse, A. M., & Brown, A. (2009). Assessing
paired orals: Raters’ orientation to interaction. Language
Testing, 26(3), 423–443.
Eckes, T. (2015). Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement: Analyzing and evaluating rater-mediated assessments. Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften.
Galaczi, E. D. (2014). Interactional
Competence across Proficiency Levels: How do Learners Manage Interaction in Paired Speaking
Tests? Applied
Linguistics, 35(5), 553–574.
Galaczi, E., & Taylor, L. (2018). Interactional
Competence: Conceptualisations, Operationalisations, and Outstanding Questions. Language
Assessment
Quarterly, 15(3), 219–236.
Galaczi, E., & Taylor, L. B. (2021). Measuring
interactional competence. In P. Winke & T. Brunfaut (Eds.), The
Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and language
testing (pp. 338–348). Routledge.
Hughes, R. (2007). Testing
the visible: Literate biases in oral language testing. Journal of Applied Linguistics and
Professional
Practice, 1(3), 295–309.
Hymes, D. (1972). On
communicative competence. In J. B. Pride & J. Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics:
Selected
readings (pp. 53–73). Penguin.
Ikeda, N. (2021). Assessing
L2 learners’ pragmatic ability in problem-solving situations at English-medium
university. Applied
Pragmatics, 3(1), 51–83.
Kim, H. (2018). What
constitutes professional communication in aviation: Is language proficiency enough for testing
purposes? Language
Testing, 35(3), 403–426.
Kramsch, C. (1986). From
Language Proficiency to Interactional Competence. The Modern Language
Journal, 70(4), 366–372.
Lam, D. M. K. (2018). What
counts as “responding”? Contingency on previous speaker contribution as a feature of interactional
competence. Language
Testing, 35(3), 377–401.
(2021). Don’t
Turn a Deaf Ear: A Case for Assessing Interactive Listening. Applied
Linguistics, 42(4), 740–764.
Lantolf, J. P. (Ed.). (2000). Sociocultural
theory and second language learning. Oxford Univ. Press.
Lazaraton, A. (1996). Interlocutor
support in oral proficiency interviews: The case of CASE. Language
Testing, 13(2), 151–172.
(2021). Winsteps®
Rasch measurement computer program (5.1.1) [Computer
software]. [URL]
Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M. (2010). Second
language research: Methodology and
design (Repr). Routledge.
May, L. (2011). Interactional
Competence in a Paired Speaking Test: Features Salient to Raters. Language Assessment
Quarterly, 8(2), 127–145.
May, L., Nakatsuhara, F., Lam, D., & Galaczi, E. (2020). Developing
tools for learning oriented assessment of interactional competence: Bridging theory and
practice. Language
Testing, 37(2), 165–188.
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative
research: A guide to design and implementation (Fourth
edition). Jossey-Bass.
Nakatsuhara, F., May, L., Lam, D., & Galaczi, E. (2018). Learning
oriented feedback in the development and assessment of interactional competence. Reserach
Notes, 701, 1–68.
Ockey, G. J. (2012). Item
response theory. In G. Fulcher & F. Davidson (Eds.), The
Routledge handbook of language
testing (pp. 336–349).
Ockey, G. J., & Chukharev-Hudilainen, E. (2021). Human versus computer partner in the paired oral discussion test. Applied Linguistics, 42(5), 924–944.
Ockey, G. J., Koyama, D., Setoguchi, E., & Sun, A. (2015). The
extent to which TOEFL iBT speaking scores are associated with performance on oral language tasks and oral ability components
for Japanese university students. Language
Testing, 32(1), 39–62.
O’Sullivan, B. (2000). Exploring
gender and oral proficiency interview
performance. System, 28(3), 373–386.
O’Sullivan, B., Weir, C. J., & Saville, N. (2002). Using
observation checklists to validate speaking-test tasks. Language
Testing, 19(1), 33–56.
Pekarek Doehler, S., & Pochon-Berger, E. (2011). Developing
“methods” for interaction: A cross-sectional study of disagreement sequences in French
L2. In J. K. Hall, J. Hellermann, & S. P. Doehler (Eds.), L2
interactional competence and
development (pp. 206–243). Multilingual Matters.
(2015). The
development of L2 interactional competence: Evidence from turn-taking organization, sequence organization, repair
organization, an preference organization. In T. Cadierno & S. W. Eskildsen (Eds.), Usage-based
perspectives on second language
learning (pp. 233–268). De Gruyter Mouton.
Plough, I., Banerjee, J., & Iwashita, N. (2018). Interactional
competence: Genie out of the bottle. Language
Testing, 35(3), 427–445.
Roever, C., & Ikeda, N. (2021). What
scores from monologic speaking tests can(not) tell us about interactional competence. Language
Testing, 026553222110033.
Roever, C., & Kasper, G. (2018). Speaking
in turns and sequences: Interactional competence as a target construct in testing
speaking. Language
Testing, 35(3), 331–355.
Ross, S. (2018). Listener
response as a facet of interactional competence. Language
Testing, 35(3), 357–375.
Sandlund, E., & Greer, T. (2020). How
do raters understand rubrics for assessing L2 interactional engagement? A comparative study of CA-and non-CA-formulated
performance descriptors. Papers in Language Testing and Assessment: An International Journal of
the Association for Language Testing and Assessment of Australia and New
Zealand, 9(1), 128–163.
Sandlund, E., Sundqvist, P., & Nyroos, L. (2016). Testing
L2 Talk: A Review of Empirical Studies on Second-Language Oral Proficiency Testing: Testing L2
Talk. Language and Linguistics
Compass, 10(1), 14–29.
Vo, S. (2021). Evaluating
interactional competence in interview and paired discussion tasks: A rater cognition
study. TESOL
Journal, 12(2).
Wright, B. D. (1996). Localy
dependency, correlations and prinicpal components. Rasch Measurement
Transactions, 101, 509–511.
Wu, S., & Ma, Z. (2020). How is Chinese reading affected by under-specification and over-specification? Evidence from self-paced reading experiments. Journal of Pragmatics, 1551, 213–233.
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Syquia, John & Paul Leeming
Vo, Sonca
2024. Exploring the construct of interactional competence in different types of oral communication assessment. Interaction Studies. Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems 25:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 13 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
