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Article published In: Journal of Second Language Studies
Vol. 4:1 (2021) ► pp.65–95

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Eye-tracking as a window into assembled phonology in native and non-native reading

 | Southern Illinois University Carbondale
 | University of Pittsburgh
Published online: 16 April 2021
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https://doi.org/10.1075/jsls.19026.mar
Abstract
The past 30 years of reading research has confirmed the importance of bottom-up processing. Rather than a psycholinguistic guessing game (Goodman, K. S. (1967). Reading: A psycholinguistic guessing game. Journal of the Reading Specialist, 6(4), 126–135. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar), reading is dependent on rapid, accurate recognition of written forms. In fluent first language (L1) readers, this is seen in the automatic activation of a word’s phonological form, impacting lexical processing (Perfetti, C. A., & Bell, L. (1991). Phonemic activation during the first 40 ms of word identification: Evidence from backward masking and priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 30(4), 473–485. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Rayner, K., Sereno, S. C., Lesch, M. F., & Pollatsek, A. (1995). Phonological codes are automatically activated during reading: Evidence from an eye movement priming paradigm. Psychological Science, 6(1), 26–32. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar). Although the influence of phonological form is well established, less clear is the extent to which readers are sensitive to the possible pronunciations of a word (Lesch, M. F., & Pollatsek, A. (1998). Evidence for the use of assembled phonology in accessing the meaning of printed words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24(3), 573–592.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar), derived from the varying consistency of grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences (GPCs) (e.g., although ‘great’ has only one pronunciation, [ɡɹeɪt], the grapheme <ea> within it has multiple possible pronunciations: [i] in [plit] ‘pleat’, [ɛ] in [bɹɛθ] ‘breath’; Parkin, A. (1982). Phonological recoding in lexical decision: Effects of spelling-to-sound regularity depend on how regularity is defined. Memory & Cognition, 10(1), 43–53. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar). Further, little is known about non-native readers’ sensitivity to such characteristics. Non-native readers process text differently from L1 readers (Koda, K., & Zehler, A. M. (2008). Learning to read across languages: Cross-linguistic relationships in first- and second-language literacy development. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; McBride-Chang, C., Bialystok, E., Chong, K. K. Y., & Li, Y. (2004). Levels of phonological awareness in three cultures. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 89(2), 93–111. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar), with implications for understanding L2 reading comprehension (Rayner, K., Chace, K. H., Slattery, T. J., & Ashby, J. (2006). Eye movements as reflections of comprehension processes in reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, 10(3), 241–255. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar). The goal of this study was thus to determine whether native and non-native readers are sensitive to the consistency of a word’s component GPCs during lexical processing and to compare this sensitivity among readers from different L1s.
Article outline
  • 1.L1 English lexical processing
  • 2.L2 lexical processing
  • 3.The current study
  • 4.Method
    • 4.1Participants
    • 4.2Materials
    • 4.3Procedure
    • 4.4Measures and analyses
  • 5.Results
    • 5.1Comprehension accuracy
    • 5.2Eye-gaze measures
    • 5.3Summary
  • 6.Discussion
  • Notes
  • References
References (118)
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Sammour-Shehadeh, Rana, Janina Kahn-Horwitz & Anat Prior
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This list is based on CrossRef data as of 13 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

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