Cover not available

Article published In: Journal of Second Language Studies
Vol. 1:1 (2018) ► pp.199–230

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
authorization required

Associative networks from L2 words in early and late Vietnamese-English bilinguals

 | University of Texas at Arlington
 | University of Texas at Arlington
Published online: 7 May 2018
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/jsls.17020.huy
Abstract
This study investigates whether highly-proficient Vietnamese-English bilinguals can activate associations in a native-like way from studying L2 words, whether these L2 associations interact with L1 words, and whether this depends on when they started learning L2 English. The results suggest that early bilinguals have native-like L2 English associative networks and these networks are interconnected with L1 Vietnamese words. Late bilinguals, in contrast, seem to indicate that their L2 English associative networks might be activated less automatically, and they are not so strongly connected with L1 words. This pattern of results are discussed in terms of how age of L2 exposure might affect the development of L2 associative networks.
Article outline
  • Experiment 1 – L2 primes
    • Experiment 1a
      • Methods
        • Participants
        • Materials and design
        • Procedure
      • Results
      • Discussion
    • Experiment 1b
      • Methods
        • Participants
        • Materials and design
        • Procedure
      • Results
      • Discussion
  • Experiment 2 – L1 primes
    • Methods
      • Participants
      • Materials and design
      • Procedure
    • Results
    • Discussion
  • General discussion
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
References (71)
References
Altarriba, J., & Basnight-Brown, D. M. (2009). An overview of semantic processing in bilinguals: Methods and findings. In A. Pavlenko (Ed.), The bilingual mental lexicon: Interdisciplinary approaches (pp. 79–99). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Anastasi, J. S., Rhodes, M. G., Marquez, S., & Velino, V. (2005). The incidence of false memories in native and non-native speakers. Memory, 131, 815–828. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Basnight-Brown, D. M., & Altarriba, J. (2007). Differences in semantic and translation priming across languages: The role of language direction and language dominance. Memory and Cognition, 351, 953–967. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Birdsong, D., & Molis, M. (2001). On the evidence for maturational constraints in second-language acquisition. Journal of Language and Memory, 441, 235–249. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cabeza, R., & Lennartson, E. R. (2005). False memory across languages: Implicit associative response vs fuzzy trace views. Memory, 131, 1–5. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 821, 407–428. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Coltheart, M. (1980). Iconic memory and visible persistence. Perception & Psychophysics, 271, 183–228. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
De Groot, A. M. B. (1992). Determinants of word translation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 181, 1001–1018.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
De Groot, A. M. B., & Nas, G. L. (1991). Lexical representation of cognates and noncognates in compound bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 301, 90–123. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Cohen, L., Le Bihan, D., Mangin, J. F., Poline, J. B., & Rivière, D. (2001). Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming. Nature Neuroscience, 41, 752–758. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
De Wit, B., & Kinoshita, S. (2015). The masked semantic effect is task dependent: Reconsidering the automatic spreading activation process. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 411, 1062–1075.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dimitropoulou, M., Duñabeitia, J. A., & Carreiras, M. (2011). Two words, one meaning: Evidence of automatic co-activation of translation equivalents. Frontiers in Psychology, 21. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ferré, P., Sánchez-Casas, R., & Guasch, M. (2006). Can a horse be a donkey? Semantic and form interference effects in translation recognition in early and late proficient and nonproficient Spanish-Catalan bilinguals. Language Learning, 56(4), 571–608. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Finkbeiner, M. (2005). Task-dependent L2-L1 translation priming: An investigation of the separate memory systems account. In J. Cohen, K. McAlister, K. Rolstad, & J. MacSwan (Eds.), ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism (pp. 741–750). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Finkbeiner, M., Forster, K., Nicol, J., & Nakamura, K. (2004). The role of polysemy in masked semantic and translation priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 511, 1–22. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Flege, J. E., Yeni-Komshian, G. H., & Liu, S. (1999). Age constraints on second-language acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language, 411, 78–104. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1983). The modularity of mind: An essay on faculty psychology. Cambridge, MA: The MIT press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Forster, K. I. (1998). The pros and cons of masked priming. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 271, 203–233. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Forster, K. I., & Davis, C. (1984). Repetition priming and frequency attenuation in lexical access. Journal of experimental psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 101, 680–698.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Forster, K. I., & Forster, J. C. (2003). DMDX: A windows display program with millisecond accuracy. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 351, 116–124. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Forster, K. I., Mohan, K., & Hector, J. (2003). The mechanics of masked priming. In S. Kinoshita & S. Lupker (Eds.), Masked priming: The state of the art (pp. 3–37). Hove: Psychology Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Francis, W. (2005). Bilingual semantic and conceptual representation. In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. de Groot (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 251–267). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Francis, W. S., & Gutiérrez, M. (2012). Bilingual recognition memory: Stronger performance but weaker levels-of-processing effects in the less fluent language. Memory & Cognition, 401, 496–503. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Francis, W. S., & Strobach, N. (2013). The bilingual L2 advantage in recognition memory. Psychonomics Bulletin & Review, 201, 1296–1303. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Frenck-Mestre, C., & Prince, P. (1997). Second language autonomy. Journal of Memory and Language, 371, 481–501. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gallo, D. A., & Roediger III, H. L. (2002). Variability among word lists in eliciting memory illusions: Evidence for associative association and monitoring. Journal of Memory and Language, 471, 469–497. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gollan, T. H., Forster, K. I., & Frost, R. (1997). Translation priming with different scripts: Masked priming with cognates and noncognates in Hebrew-English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition, 231, 1122–1139. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gomez, P., Perea, M., & Ratcliff, R. (2013). A diffusion model of masked versus unmasked priming: Are they qualitatively different? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 391, 1731–1740.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Grainger, J., & Beauvillain, C. (1988). Associative priming in bilinguals: Some limits of interlingual facilitation effects. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 421, 261–273. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Graves, D. F., & Altarriba, J. (2014). False memories in bilingual speakers. In R. R. Heredia & J. Altarriba (Eds.), Foundations of bilingual memory (pp. 205–221). New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Griffiths, T. L., Steyvers, M., & Tennenbaum, J. B. (2007). Topics in semantic representation. Psychological Review, 1141, 211–244. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Howe, M. L. (2007). Children’s emotional false memories. Research Report, 181, 856–860.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2011). Nature of early memory: An adaptive theory of the genesis and development of memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Howe, M. L., Gagnon, N., & Thouas, L. (2008). Development of false memories in bilingual children and adults. Journal of Memory and Language, 581, 669–681. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hutchison, K. A. (2003). Is semantic priming due to association strength or feature overlap? A microanalytic review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 101, 785–813. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jiang, N. (1999). Testing processing explanations for the asymmetry in masked cross-language priming. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21, 59–75. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jiang, N., & Forster, K. (2001). Cross-language priming asymmetries in lexical decision tasks and episodic recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 441, 32–51. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Johnson, J. S., & Newport, E. L. (1989). Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cognitive Psychology, 211, 60–99. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kawasaki-Miyaji, Y., Inoue, T., & Yama, H. (2003). Cross-linguistic false recognition: How do Japanese-dominant bilinguals process two languages: Japanese and English? Psychologia, 461, 255–267. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Keatley, C. W., Spinks, J. A., & de Gelder, B. (1994). Asymmetrical cross-language priming effects. Memory & Cognition, 221, 70–84. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kim, J., & Davis, C. (2003). Task effects in masked cross-script translation and phonological priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 491, 484–499. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kotz, S. A., & Elston-Güttler, K. (2004). The role of proficiency on processing categorical and associative information in the L2 as revealed by reaction times and event-related brain potentials. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 171, 215–235. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 331, 149–174. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lee, Y., Chiang, W., Hung, H. (2008). Lexical association and false memory for words in two cultures. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 371, 49–58. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lucas, M. (2000). Semantic priming without association: A meta-analytic review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 71, 618–630. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Marmolejo, G., Diliberto-Macaluso, K. A., & Altarriba, J. (2009). False memory in bilinguals: Does switching languages increase false memories? American Journal of Psychology, 1221, 1–16.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Masson, M. E. J. (1995). A distributed memory model of semantic priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 211, 3–23.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McNamara, T. P. (1992). Priming and constraints it places on theories of memory and retrieval. Psychological Review, 991, 650–662. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Moss, H. E., Hare, M. L., Day, P., & Tyler, L. K. (1994). A distributed memory model of the associative boost in semantic priming. Connection Science, 61, 413–427. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Moss, H. E., Ostrin, R. K., Tyler, L. K., & Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (1995). Accessing different types of lexical semantic information: Evidence from priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 211, 863–883.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Neely, J. H. (1991). Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In D. Besner & G. Humphreys (Eds.), Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition (pp. 264–289). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Paradis, M. (1997). The cognitive neuropsychology of bilingualism. In A. M. B. de Groot & J. F. Kroll (Eds.), Tutorials in bilingualism: Psycholinguistic perspectives (pp. 331–354). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Perea, M., Duñabeitia, J. A., & Carreiras, M. (2008). Masked associative/semantic priming effects across languages with highly proficient bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 581, 916–930. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Perea, M., & Gotor, A. (1997). Associative and semantic priming effects occur at very short stimulus-onset asynchronies in lexical decision and naming. Cognition, 621, 223–240. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Perea, M., & Rosa, E. (2002). The effects of associative and semantic priming in the lexical decision task. Psychological research, 66(3), 180–194. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Roediger III, H., & McDermott, K. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 211, 803–814.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sabourin, L., Brien, C., & Burkholder, M. (2014). The effect of age of L2 acquisition on the organization of the bilingual lexicon: Evidence from masked priming. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 171, 542–555. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sahlin, B. H., Harding, M. C., & Seamon, J. G. (2005). When do false memories cross language boundaries in Spanish-English bilinguals? Memory & Cognition, 331, 1414–1421. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schoonbaert, S., Duyck, W., Brysbaert, M., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2009). Semantic and translation priming from a first language to a second and back: Making sense of the findings. Memory & Cognition, 371, 569–586. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sereno, J. A. (1991). Graphemic, associative, and syntactic priming effects at a brief stimulus onset asynchrony in lexical decision and naming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 171, 459–477.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sperling, G. (1960). The information available in brief visual presentations [Monograph]. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 74(11, Whole No. 498), 1–29. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stadler, M., Roediger III, H., & McDermott, K. (1999). Norms for word lists that create false memories. Memory & Cognition, 271, 494–500. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sunderman, G. (2011). Conceptual mediation in second language learners. In P. Trofimovich & K. McDonough (Eds.), Applying priming methods to L2 learning, teaching and research: Insights from Psycholinguistics (pp. 219–237). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sunderman, G., & Kroll, J. F. (2006). First language activation during second language lexical processing: An investigation of lexical form, meaning, and grammatical class. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 281, 387–422. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Talamas, A., Kroll, J. F., & Dufour, R. (1999). From form to meaning: Stages in the acquisition of second-language vocabulary. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21, 45–58. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Thompson-Schill, S. L., Kurtz, K. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1998). Effects of semantic and associative relatedness on automatic priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 381, 440–458. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Van Hell, J. G., & De Groot, A. M. B. (1998). Conceptual representation in bilingual memory: Effects of concreteness and cognate status in word association. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 11, 193–211. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2008). Sentence context modulates visual word recognition and translation in bilinguals. Acta Psychologica, 1281, 431–451. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wang, X., & Forster, K. I. (2010). Masked translation priming with semantic categorization: Testing the Sense Model. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 131, 327–340. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Williams, J. N. (1996). Is automatic priming semantic? European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 81, 113–161. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Witzel, N. O. & Forster, K. I. (2012). How L2 words are stored: The episodic L2 hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 381, 1608–1621.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue